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A&P II spring 2025 (Steele) > AI Lecture 1 > Flashcards

AI Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does renal clearance measure?

A

Volume of plasma cleared of a compound per unit time

Renal clearance reflects how the kidney handles a compound, including filtration and secretion

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2
Q

What is the significance of kidney filtration in renal clearance?

A

It reflects the filtration capacity of the kidney

The kidney acts as a filter, and its filtration rate is often referred to as GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

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3
Q

Define free water clearance.

A

Volume of water removed from the body per unit time

Free water clearance does not account for electrolytes and indicates the kidney’s ability to conserve or excrete water

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4
Q

How does ADH affect free water clearance?

A

Increases ADH leads to low free water clearance

High ADH levels signal the kidneys to conserve water, resulting in lower clearance

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5
Q

What is considered normal systolic blood pressure?

A

120 mmHg

Normal diastolic pressure is about 80 mmHg, leading to a normal blood pressure estimate of 100 mmHg

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6
Q

What is the formula for calculating Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP – DBP)

DBP is diastolic blood pressure, and SBP is systolic blood pressure

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7
Q

What is the expected blood pressure at the right atrium in a healthy person?

A

0 mmHg

Blood pressure in the right atrium is significantly higher in cases of heart failure

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8
Q

What is the normal range of pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in a healthy individual?

A

16 mmHg

The expected systolic/diastolic pressure range in the pulmonary artery is approximately 25/8 mmHg

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9
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Pulse pressure indicates the force that the heart generates each time it pumps

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10
Q

True or False: Pulse pressure is typically higher in large arteries than in the aorta.

A

True

Large arteries are stiffer, leading to wider pulse pressures compared to the aorta

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11
Q

What happens to pulse pressure with increased arterial stiffness?

A

Pulse pressure widens

Increased stiffness leads to higher pressure during blood ejection and lower pressure when not ejecting

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12
Q

How do veins affect pulse pressure?

A

Veins are very stretchy, resulting in low pulse pressure

The high compliance of veins accommodates large volumes without significantly increasing pressure

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13
Q

What is compliance in the context of the cardiovascular system?

A

Change in volume over change in pressure (delta V / delta P)

Compliance indicates how easily a container (like a blood vessel) can accommodate volume changes

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14
Q

What does a low compliance value indicate?

A

Requires high pressure to accommodate volume

Low compliance means that the container is rigid and does not easily expand

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15
Q

What is the relationship between stroke volume and pulse pressure?

A

Increased stroke volume raises pulse pressure

Higher volume in a stiff container leads to increased pressure differences

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16
Q

What is the normal delta P for the systemic circulation?

A

100 mmHg

Calculated as the difference between pressure at the aorta (100 mmHg) and the right atrium (0 mmHg)

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17
Q

What primarily causes lower pressures in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Low vascular resistance

The resistance in the pulmonary circuit primarily occurs at the arterioles

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18
Q

What is the expected pulse pressure in the systemic circulation?

A

Approximately 40 mmHg

The systemic circulation experiences higher pulse pressure compared to the pulmonary circulation

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19
Q

What happens to pressure in the systemic circuit as blood moves away from the heart?

A

Pressure decreases

This is due to increased resistance in the arterioles

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20
Q

What is the expected venular blood pressure?

A

10 mmHg

As blood moves from the arterial end of capillaries to the venules, pressure decreases

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21
Q

What is the expected left atrial pressure in a healthy person?

A

2 mmHg

This indicates the pressure at the end of the pulmonary circuit

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22
Q

What is the relationship between Delta V and Delta P in terms of blood or air volume?

A

Very high Delta V over a very low Delta P gives us a very high number.

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23
Q

What units are used to measure pressure in the cardiovascular system?

A

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and centimeters of water (cmH20).

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24
Q

What is the typical pressure in the left atrium?

A

About 2 mmHg.

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25
Q

How does pressure in the left ventricle vary during the cardiac cycle?

A

Low during diastole and very high during contraction.

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26
Q

What is the pressure range in the right ventricle during peak systole?

A

Approximately 25 mmHg.

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27
Q

What are the two main properties of arterial walls?

A
  • Thick walls
  • Narrow openings.
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28
Q

What are the key properties of veins compared to arteries?

A
  • More stretchy
  • Wider internal diameter
  • More compliant.
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29
Q

What type of cells make up capillary walls?

A

Endothelial cells.

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30
Q

What is the normal cardiac output for a healthy adult?

A

5 liters per minute.

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31
Q

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume X heart rate.

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32
Q

What is the typical heart rate used in this course?

A

72 beats per minute.

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33
Q

What is the typical stroke volume for a healthy adult?

A

70 cc.

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34
Q

What determines the velocity of blood flow through a section of the circulatory system?

A

Total cross-sectional area.

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35
Q

True or False: The velocity of blood flow is higher in the aorta than in the vena cava.

A

True.

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36
Q

What is the pressure at the arteriolar end of capillaries?

A

30 mmHg.

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37
Q

What is the pressure at the venous end of capillaries?

A

10 mmHg.

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38
Q

What is the conversion factor for measuring pressure in relation to distance below a pressure source?

A

13.6 millimeters gives a rise of 1 mmHg.

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39
Q

Where is the isogravimetric point typically located in the heart?

A

At the tricuspid valve.

40
Q

What is the expected blood pressure in a large vein at the umbilicus when standing?

A

About 22 mmHg.

41
Q

What is the expected blood pressure in a large vein above the knee when standing?

A

About 40 mmHg.

42
Q

What is the blood pressure in a large vein at the base of the foot when standing still?

A

About 90 mmHg.

43
Q

What happens to venous pressure in the neck above the isogravimetric point?

A

It is about zero due to vein collapse under negative pressure.

44
Q

What structures make up the walls of the venous sinuses in the cranium?

A

Meninges.

45
Q

What are the sinuses in the cranium?

A

Large veins with fairly thick walls, supported by the meninges.

The meninges contribute to the rigidity of the sinus walls.

46
Q

What happens to the blood pressure in the superior sagittal sinus when in an upright position?

A

It measures negative 10 mmHg, indicating sub-atmospheric pressure.

This occurs as long as the head is above the heart.

47
Q

What is the risk associated with open access to a sinus in the upright position?

A

Air embolus due to sub-atmospheric pressure sucking air in.

Care must be taken if working above the heart.

48
Q

How does gravity affect cuff pressure measurements in the upper arm?

A

Pressure readings may be an overestimate due to the height of the blood column.

This effect is significant when the patient is upright.

49
Q

What is the expected venous pressure in the upper arm due to gravity?

A

Between 6 and 8 mmHg.

The pressure is influenced by the weight of the blood in the column.

50
Q

What do one-way valves in veins prevent?

A

Backflow of blood, ensuring it moves toward the heart.

They act as a support system against gravity.

51
Q

What happens to one-way valves as a person ages?

A

They may not function properly, leading to conditions like varicose veins.

This can cause pressures to build up in the lower extremities.

52
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Stretching of veins and ineffective one-way valves over time.

Prolonged standing contributes to this condition.

53
Q

What is the typical pressure in veins when a person is supine?

A

About 0 mmHg at the end of the venous system.

There is minimal gravitational effect in this position.

54
Q

What happens to venous pressure when standing without movement?

A

Blood can pool in the legs, leading to low cardiac output.

Muscle contractions are necessary to prevent pooling.

55
Q

How does gravity affect arterial pressure in the upright position?

A

Arterial pressure is higher due to the combination of heart output and gravitational effects.

There are no one-way valves in arteries, making them susceptible to gravity.

56
Q

What is the effect of a 1.5-meter tall beaker of blood on pressure at the bottom?

A

Approximately 90 mmHg due to gravitational effects.

This demonstrates the pressure exerted by a column of blood.

57
Q

What can happen if someone stands still without moving their leg muscles?

A

They may pass out due to pooling of blood in the legs.

Muscle activity is crucial for maintaining blood flow back to the heart.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ in veins prevents backflow and helps direct blood toward the heart.

A

one-way valves

59
Q

True or False: Blood pressure measurements in the upper arm are always accurate regardless of the position of the patient.

A

False

Measurements can be overestimated, especially when the patient is upright.

60
Q

What is vascular compliance?

A

Delta V over Delta P (change in volume divided by change in pressure)

Vascular compliance measures how much blood volume changes with changes in blood pressure.

61
Q

What characterizes high compliance in a container?

A

Large volume generates small amounts of pressure

High compliance indicates that a container can accommodate a lot of fluid with minimal pressure increase.

62
Q

What characterizes low compliance in a container?

A

Small volume requires large pressure to add fluid

Low compliance suggests that a container resists volume changes, requiring significant pressure for even small volume increases.

63
Q

What is the relationship between distensibility and original volume?

A

Distensibility factors in original volume of the container

A container with a small original volume that expands easily is highly distensible.

64
Q

Define distensibility.

A

Synonymous with expandability; describes how easily a container can expand

Distensibility takes into account the original size of the container.

65
Q

How does resistance relate to flow?

A

Resistance measures the difficulty of flow

High resistance indicates it is difficult to move fluid from one point to another.

66
Q

What is conductance in relation to resistance?

A

Conductance is the inverse of resistance

High conductance corresponds to low resistance, making it easy to move fluid.

67
Q

What primarily controls blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

A

Changes in vascular resistance

The diameter of blood vessels significantly affects blood flow.

68
Q

What effect does a small change in diameter have on resistance and flow?

A

Results in a huge change in resistance and flow

The relationship is such that flow is related to the diameter to the fourth power.

69
Q

What does the equation V = IR represent in the cardiovascular system?

A

V = Blood Pressure, I = Blood Flow, R = Vascular Resistance

This is a reapplication of Ohm’s law to the cardiovascular context.

70
Q

How is Delta P calculated?

A

Delta P = Blood Flow x Vascular Resistance

This formula helps in determining the vascular resistance in a circuit.

71
Q

What is the acceptable range for systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

A

800 to 1600 resistance units

This range is important for assessing vascular function.

72
Q

How does the arterial system compare to the venous system in terms of pressure and volume?

A

Arterial system: High pressure/Low volume; Venous system: High volume/Low pressure

This distinction is crucial for understanding cardiovascular dynamics.

73
Q

What does a steep slope in a volume vs. pressure graph indicate about a system’s compliance?

A

Indicates low compliance

In the arterial system, a small volume increase leads to a large pressure increase.

74
Q

What does a shallow slope in a volume vs. pressure graph indicate about a system’s compliance?

A

Indicates high compliance

In the venous system, a large volume increase results in minimal pressure change.

75
Q

What happens to blood pressure with sympathetic inhibition in the arterial system?

A

Blood pressure decreases significantly

This occurs because the arterial walls lack the necessary tone to maintain pressure.

76
Q

True or False: High compliance in the venous system means it can accommodate large volumes with little pressure increase.

A

True

This property is essential for the venous system’s ability to store blood.

77
Q

What is the typical amount of blood in the arteries in cc’s?

A

700 cc’s

78
Q

What should blood pressure be in the arteries with 700 cc’s of blood?

A

About 100

79
Q

What happens to blood pressure if sympathetic tone is removed while keeping the blood volume the same?

A

Blood pressure crashes

80
Q

What is indicated by the left side of the red line on the blood pressure chart?

A

High blood pressure due to sympathetic stimulation

81
Q

What occurs to blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation is maximized with normal blood volume?

A

Blood pressure goes way up

82
Q

What is a potential solution for crashing blood pressure?

A

Add a little bit of volume to the arteries

83
Q

Why is it hard to maintain fluid in the arteries?

A

Fluid prefers to stay in the veins where pressure is lower

84
Q

How does sympathetic tone affect arterial compliance?

A

Arteries are much less compliant without sympathetic tone

85
Q

What happens to venous pressure when sympathetic stimulation is removed?

A

Venous pressure drops

86
Q

What is the effect of contracting the walls of the venous system?

A

Venous pressure can go up substantially

87
Q

What does an increase in central venous pressure (CVP) typically cause?

A

Increase in right atrial pressure

88
Q

What is the relationship between venous return and cardiac output?

A

Venous return must equal cardiac output

89
Q

What is the normal cardiac output in liters per minute?

A

About five liters per minute

90
Q

What can impact venous return?

A

CVP or right atrial pressure

91
Q

What determines cardiac output and blood pressure?

A

The properties of the circulatory system and the pumping capacity of the heart

92
Q

True or False: Cardiac output is solely a function of heart health.

A

False

93
Q

How does blood pooling in the legs affect blood pressure?

A

It can cause massive problems with blood pressure

94
Q

Fill in the blank: Cardiac output is probably more determined by _______ than by pumping output of the heart.

A

Venous return

95
Q

What happens to cardiac output if right atrial pressure is increased?

A

Cardiac output can increase significantly

96
Q

What is the significance of understanding venous return in relation to the heart’s pumping ability?

A

It provides a more comprehensive view of cardiovascular function

A&P II spring 2025 (Steele) (3 decks)

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