Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the two chambers of the heart
Upper atrium, lower ventricle
Describe the heart
Located between the lungs, is pear-shaped, is about the size of a fist
What is the function of each side of the heart
The right side pumps blood to the lungs by the pulmonary artery
The left side pumps blood to the brain and the rest the body by the aorta
What are some unchangeable factors in heart disease
Heredity, sex, age
What are some changeable factors and heart disease
Cholesterol levels, smoking, blood pressure, sedentary lifestyle
What are some contributing factors to heart disease
Diabetes, stress, obesity
What are some psychosocial factors that occur after a heart attack
Fear and anxiety
Denial
Depression
What are some signs or symptoms of cardiac stress
Dyspnea - Shortness of breath
Extreme fatigue
Nonproductive speech
Confusion
Impaired judgment due to lack of blood flow to Brian
Cyanosis or blue tinge to the skin and nails
What is COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Damage to a alveolar wall and inflammation of conducting airways Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Asthma
Risk factors for COPD
Number one smoking
Air pollution
Chemical exposure
Psychosocial factors of COPD
Depression
Anxiety
Noncompliance with use of oxygen due to having to drag oxygen tank around
What are some treatments for Dyspnea
Control posture
When standing, leaning on elbows on counter or shopping cart
When sitting, lean slightly forward on tabletop or lean on knees
What’s are three different breathing techniques
Pursed lip breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing
Relaxation
What is part of the OT for cardiac or COPD patients
Review chart
Patient interview
Clinical assessment such as cardiac response, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory, oxygen stats
What is involved with OT treatment of cardiac or COPD patients
Progressive MET’S
Energy conservation techniques:
Increase work rate, increase resistance, increase use the voice muscles, increased involvement trunk musculature, Raising arms, isometric work
What are some ways to educate patients with cardiac and respiratory problems
Time management
Graded tasks
Rest breaks
Incorporate breathing techniques
Most common areas or sites to take a pulse
Coratid
Brachial
Radial
Pedial
What are some factors that affect blood pressure
Age Emotional status Arm position Blood volume Physical activity Medications Muscle contraction Dehydration
What is normal respiration for an adult
12 to 18 breaths per minute
What are some factors which affect respiration
Age Physical activity Emotional status Air quality Disease Altitude
What are the six basic ADLs
Bathing Eating Dressing Continence Transferring Toileting
What are the eight basic IADLs
Using the telephone Preparing meals Shopping Using transportation Care of others or pet care Managing medications Maintaining the home Managing finances
What is osteoporosis
Reduce bone density that causes the bone to be more brittle and susceptible to fracture
What do osteoblasts do
They are cells that form bone and begin the healing process
What is necessary for proper healing
A good blood supply
What is the major calls fractures
Trauma such as motor vehicle accident or stepping wrong off of the stair
How do you medically manage a fracture
Relieve pain
Maintain good position of the fracture
Allow for body union
Restore optimal function to the patient
What are two ways that you can restore the fragments of a fracture to normal alignment
Closed procedure which is applying a force to distal bone opposite to the force that produce the fracture. The reduction is maintained that casts, braces, traction, or skeletal fixation
Open procedure which is exposing it surgically so the fragments can be aligned. Maybe held in by pins, screws, plates, nails, or Rod.
What is ORIF
Not replacing but is plated or screwed
What’s are the five levels of weight-bearing
NWB - Non-weight bearing TTWB - Toe touch weight bearing PWB - Partial weight bearing WBAT - Weight bearing as tolerated FWB - Full weight bearing
What are some causes of hip replacement
Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease
Ankylosis spondylitis: a chronic progressive polyarthritis, primarily involves the sacroiliac and the spinal joint
Rheumatoid arthritis
What are some hip precautions after surgery Using posterolateral approach
No hip flexion greater than 90°
No internal rotation
No adduction or crossing of legs or feet
What are some hip precautions for surgery using the anterolateral approach
No external rotation
No adduction
No extension
What is the purpose of a total knee replacement
Alleviate pain
Regain motion
Maintain alignment of stability of the knee joint
What is the emphasis in rehab for knee replacement
Maintaining or regaining joint motion
Slowly increasing the strength of surrounding musculature
Decrease swelling
Increasing independence with ADL
Psychological factors that will affect overall treatment and recovery of a knee replacement for hip replacement
Personal losses. Decreased functional ability Family dynamics. Deformity Home environment. Pain Disease of a body part Fear Change in body image Anxiety
Elderly patients in particular face additional psychological factors after hip or knee replacement
Need to reflect and review past life experience
Dependency
Relocation trauma
What are some OT goals related to hip or knee surgery
Return to home independently
Independence with ADLs
Observing all movement precautions during activities
What are some issues that should be addressed with patients that may have a risk falling
Home modification such as removing throw rugs, clutter, telephone cords
Safe transfer techniques
Community mobility tips
What are some assistive devices or adaptive aids for people that had hip or knee surgery
Dressing stick, suck a, long handled sponge, reacher, elastic shoelaces, elevated toilet seat, leg lifter, shower chair or bench chair, Walker bags
