Exam 1

Question 1

This is the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour and experience. It is approximately synonymous with the terms biopsychology, psychobiology, physiological psychology, and behavioral neuroscience.

Answer 1

Biological psychology.

Question 2

This type of science includes much that is relevant to behaviour but also includes more detail about anatomy and chemistry.

Answer 2

Neuroscience.

Question 3

Biological psychology is not only a field of study, but a point of view. It holds that we think and act as we do because of __ ___, and that we evolved those brain mechanisms because ancient animals built this way survived and reproduced.

Answer 3

Brain mechanisms.

Question 4

Biological psychology deals mostly with ___ activity.

Answer 4

Brain

Question 5

The caudate, globes pallidus, the substantia nigra make up what?

Answer 5

Basal Ganglia

Question 6

What make up the basal ganglia?

Answer 6

Caudate, globes pallidus, and substantia nigra

Question 7

Biological explanations fall into four categories. (4) P O F E

Answer 7

Physiological, Ontological, evolutionary, functional

Question 8

Four biological explanations of behaviour:

(1/4) This explanation relates a behaviour to it the activity of the brain and other organs. It deals with the machinery of the body - the chemical reactions that enable hormones to influence brain activity and the routes by which brain activity controls muscle contractions. (P)

(2/4) This term comes from Greek roots meaning the origin (or genesis) of being. An ___ explanation describes how a structure or behaviour develops, including the influence of genes, nutrition, experiences, and interactions. For example, males and females differ on average in several ways. Some of those differences can be traced to the effects of genes or prenatal hormones, some relate to cultural influences, many relate partly to both, and some await further research.

(3/4) An ___ explanation reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behaviour. The characteristic features of an animal are almost always modifications of something found in ancestral species. For example, bat wings are midwifed arms, and porcupine quills are modified hairs. In behaviour, monkeys use tools occasionally, and humans evolved elaborations of those abilities that enable us to use tools even better. Evolutionary explanations call attention to behavioural similarities among related species.

(4/4) A ___ explanation describes WHY a structure or behaviour evolved as it did. Within a small, isolated population, a gene can spread by accident through a process called genetic drift.

Answer 8

(1/4) Physiological
(2/4) Ontological
(3/4) Evolutionary
(4/4) Functional

Question 9

Random chance fore gene alterations in a species is known as ___

Answer 9

Genetic drift

Question 10

Name (4) reasons why we study non humans when interested in human activity?

Answer 10

1) The underlying mechanisms of behaviour are similar across species and sometimes easier to study in a nonhuman.
2) We are interested in animals for their own sake
3) What we learn about animals sheds light on human evolution
4) Legal or ethical restrictions prevent certain kinds of research on humans

Question 11

Lamarck would have been an ___ psychologist, functional explanation for long neck

Answer 11

Evolutionary

Question 12

The genes on the sex-linked chromosomes (designated x and y in mammals) are known as ___-___ genes

Answer 12

Sex linked

Question 13

If they are not sex-linked chromosomes, they are known as autosomal chromosomes, and their genes are ___ genes.

Answer 13

Autosomal

Question 14

Distinct from sex-linked genes are sex-___ genes, present in both sexes but active mainly in one sex. For example, genes that control the amount of chest hair in men and breast size in woman, amount of crowing in roosters, and rate of egg production in hens.

Answer 14

Limited

Question 15

How many autosomal chromosomes do you have (in pairs)?

With Sex-linked ones?

Answer 15

22

23

Question 16

A ___ gene shows a strong effect in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition.

A ___ gene shows its effects only in the homozygous condition

Answer 16

Dominant

Recessive

Question 17

A heritable change in a DNA molecule is known as a ___?

Answer 17

Mutation

Question 18

Two kinds of mutation are __ and __. These are also called ___ or ___.

Answer 18

Duplication and deletion

Microduplication, microdeletion

Question 19

The field of ___ deals with changes in gene expression.

Answer 19

Epigenetics

Question 20

Efferent neurons are associated with ___ neurons.

Afferent neurons are associated with ___ neurons.

Answer 20

Efferent -> Motor

Afferent -> Sensory

Question 21

1) What does PKU stand for?
2) What is PKU disorder?
3) What does it do if left unchecked?
4) ___ factors can influence PKU

Answer 21

1) Phenylketonuria
2) A genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylaline.
3) Accumulates to toxic levels, impairing brain development and leaving a child mentally retarded, restless, and irritable. 1% of Europeans carry a recessive gene, fewer asians and almost no Africans have the gene.
4) Environmental

Question 22

1) According to Lamarckian evolution, if you exercise your arm muscles, your child will be born with ___ arm muscles. And if you fail to use your little toes , your children’s little toes will be ___ than yours.
2) Biologists have found no mechanism for Lamarckian evolution to occur, and no evidence that it does. Using or failing to use some body structure does not change the ___.
3) The argument of ‘survival of the fittest’ is flawed, because evolution depends on ___, not just survival.
4) If people with certain genes have more than the average number of children, their ___ will spread in the population.

Answer 22

1) Bigger, smaller
2) Genes
3) Reproduction

Question 23

What do the blood brain barrier transport through active-transport?

Answer 23

Glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, a few vitamins