Chapter 8 - Wakefulness And Sleep

Question 1

Generated by the body regardless of the environment: ___

Answer 1

Endogenous

Question 2

Jean Jacques d’Ortous de Mairan (1729)

1) studied the leaf movements of a ____ ____ plant.
2) Moved this plant to a place where sunlight could not reach it. He found out that it continued to open its leaves during the ___ and fold them at ___.
3) first demonstration of the persistence of rhythms in the absence of ____ ___ ____.

Answer 2

1) sensitive heliotrope
2) day, night
3) environmental time cues

Question 3

Augustine de Candolle (1832)

1) daily leaf movements of ____ ____ not only persisted in constant darkness but that the leaves opened an hour or two earlier each day - demonstrating a “periodicity of 22 to 23 hours”
2) This was the first demonstration of a “free run” wherein the endogenous rhythm is no longer ______ with the 24-hour light-dark cycle.

Answer 3

1) Mimosa Pudica

2) synchronized

Question 4

Endogenous cycles.

1) She is credited with stimulating modern interest in circadian rhythms and timing (1910)
2) ___ appeared on the terrace just before breakfast was served as though they “knew” it was time for the food to arrive
3) Soon there were so many ___ they had to move breakfast inside but for a number of days after the ___ continued to arrive in anticipation of the breakfast setting
4) Because the ___ arrived on the terrace at this and no other time of day, ___ suggested they must must possess a “memory for time”

Answer 4

1) August Forel
2) bees
3) bees
4) bees, Forel

Question 5

Endogenous Cycles.

1. These men marked bees individually and then offered them sugar water at an artificial feeding place for several days always at the same time of day (1929)
2. On the test day __ food was available and the arrival time of each bee was carefully observed and recorded
3. Bees ____ at all their training time or very close to it
4. The same result was produced when the experiment was rerun 180 meters below ground in a ___ ___.
5. Further evidence that it was an ____ system that was responsible came from the fact that the bees could be trained to arrive only when food was placed out at intervals very close to 24 hours.

Answer 5

1. Von Frish & Beling
2. no
3. Arrived
4. Salt mine
5. Endogenous, 24

Question 6

Endogenous Cycles

1. This man conducted the definitive experiment indicating that bees were relying on an internal timing system rather than as as yet undocumented environmental cue. (1955)
2. Trained 40 bees to collect ___ ___ between 8:15 and 10:15pm in a closed room in his laboratory in Paris.
3. The bees were than transported to ___ ___ overnight
4. In a similarly organized laboratory the bees again arrived to feed between 8:15 and 10:15pm Paris time supporting the conclusion that the bees were not relying on an ___ ___ to tell time.

Answer 6

1. Renner
2. Sugar water
3. New York
4. Environmental cues

Question 7

Four common endogenous periods: (only 3 listed?)

The third only applies to felines

Answer 7

Circannual rhythm (seasonal)
Circadian (daily)
Ultradian (many times daily)

Question 8

Biological clock

1. Duration for humans is between __-__hours (24.2 in one study)
2. We cannot to __ or __ hour day
3. Can be lengthened somewhat by ____ ___
4. Babies have a very ___ rhythm and teenagers a __-__ hour rhythm

Answer 8

1. 24-25
2. 22, 28
3. Bright lights
4. Short, 26-27

Question 9

Biological Clock 
1. Insensitive to most interference, e.g., not affected by:
A) \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_ deprivation (nutritional)
B) _-\_\_\_s
C) t\_\_\_\_\_s
D) A\_\_\_\_ or A\_\_\_\_\_
E) lack of o\_\_\_\_ (air)
F) most kinds of \_\_\_ damage

Answer 9

A) food, water
B) x-rays
C) tranquilizers
D) alcohol, anesthetic 
E) oxygen
F) brain

Question 10

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

First attempt to identify a Circadian p____ was conducted by Richter in the 19__’s.

Answer 10

Pacemaker 1960’s

Question 11

Richter in his 1960’s experiment

Placed lesions throughout the CNS and removed endocrine glands
Only lesions that appears to disrupt circadian rhythms were to the ____-___ hypothalamus

Answer 11

Anterior-ventral

Question 12

In 1972 two independent research groups (one Canadian) identified a small, bilateral pair of nuclei in the anterior hypothalamus, the ____________ nuclei (SCN) as a potential circadian pacemaker

Answer 12

SuprARCHIasMATIC

Question 13

1. Suprarchiasmatic: area of the ______ that sets circadian rhythm
2. If the suprarchiasmatic is damaged, rhythms are ___ ____, not ____ to light and dark patterns.

Answer 13

1. Hypothalamus

2. Less consistent, synchronized

Question 14

1. The suprachiasmatic (SCN) area of the hypothalamus contains a master ____ pacemaker.
2. Biological rhythms are synchronized (entrained) by ___ and ____

Answer 14

1. Circadian

2. Light, darkness