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Brain And Behavior > Chapter 2 - Synapses > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Synapses Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons communicate at specialized junctions called ____.

A

Synapses

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2
Q

In the late 1800’s, ____ _ ____ anatomically demonstrated a narrow gap separating one neuron from another.

A

Ramon y Cajal

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3
Q

In 1906, _____ ___ _____ physiologically demonstrated that communication between one neuron and the next differs from communicating along a single axon (not an AP).

A

Charles Scott Sherrington

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4
Q

___ and ___ are considered the great pioneers of modern neuroscience.

A

Cajal, Sherrington

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5
Q

Sherrington had used ____ properties to infer the major properties of the synapse half a century before researchers had the technology to measure those properties directly.

A

Behavioural

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6
Q
  1. Sherrington studied ____, automatic muscular responses to stimuli.
  2. In a leg flexion reflex, a sensory neuron excites a ___ neuron, which in turn excites a ____ neuron.
  3. The circuit from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron is called a ____ arc.
  4. When Sherrington pinched a dog’s leg, the leg ___, and the pother legs ___.
  5. After a dog’s spinal cord was severed from his brain, the same reflexive movement ___.
  6. The spinal cord therefore controls the ___ and ___ reflexes.
A
  1. Reflexes
  2. Second, motor
  3. reflex
  4. Flexed, extended
  5. Remained
  6. Flexion and extension.
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7
Q

In an intact animal (brain and spinal cord connected), messages descending from the brain ____ the reflexes, making them stronger at some times and weaker at others.

A

Modify

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8
Q

In conclusion: Sherrington observed several properties of reflexes that suggest special processes at the junctions between neurons:

1) Reflexes are slower than conduction along an ___.
2) Several weak stimuli presented at nearby places or times produce a stronger reflex than ___ stimulus alone dories.
3) When one set of muscles becomes excited, a different set becomes ____.

A

1) axon
2) one
3) relaxed, inhibited

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9
Q

Previous research had concluded that APs have a speed of about __m/s, while the speed of a reflex arc was about __m/s

A

40m/s, 15m/s

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10
Q

Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time had a cumulative effect. he referred to this phenomenon as as ____ ____.

A

Temporal Summation

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11
Q

Elliot (1905)

Adrenaline applied to surface of heart,stomach, and pupils mimics ___ ___ ___.

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

Calcium enters the Neuron body, triggering the release of NT, this is called ____

A

Exocytosis (exp = out, cytosine = transport) 1-2 ms

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13
Q

Difference between a Ionotropic and Metabotropic effects (difference between Hormone and NT)

A 
Ionotropic = NT, quick, quickly open potassium (+) ion channels, uses the NT glutamate (the most abundant NT) - depolarizes membrane 
Metabotropic = hormone, slow acting, released in to region, open chloride gates (-) channels. Hyperpolarizes membrane. Uses NT GABA
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14
Q

Glycine is an ____ NT and is found mostly in the Spinal cord.

A

Inhibitory

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15
Q

Acetylcholine is an ____ NT, and is found at Ionotropic synapses

A

Excitatory

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16
Q

ACTIVATION AND REUPTAKE

1) After acetylcholine activates a receptor, the enzyme acetylcholine_____ breaks it into two fragments: ___ and ___.
2) The choline diffuses back in the ____ neuron, which takes it and reconnects with ____ to form ______.
3) It does not reabsorb all the ____ it releases, and it takes time, thus a sufficiently rapid series of action potentials ____ the NT, faster than the presynaptic cell replenishes it, thus slowing or interrupting ___.

A

1) acetylcholonesterase, acetate and choline
2) presynaptic, acetate, acetylcholine
3) molecules, deplete, transmission

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17
Q
  1. Serotonin and catecholamines ( ___, ___, and ___), do not break down into active fragments at the postsynaptic membrane. They simply ____ from the receptor.
  2. At that point, the next steps varies, the presynaptic neuron takes up much or most of the released intact and ____ them.
  3. This process is called ___
  4. This process is done through special membranes called ____.
A
  1. Norepinephrine, epinephrin, dopamine. Detach
  2. Reuses
  3. Reuptake
  4. Transporters
18
Q

Amino Acids which contain an ___ group.

1) G___
2) g__

A

Amine

1) GABA
2) Glutamate

19
Q

1) Long chains of amino acids:____
Including poly____ and proteins
2) En____, ____ P, ____ Y

A

1) Peptides, peptides

2) Endorphins, Substance, substance

20
Q
  1. Acetylcholine: similar to ____ acids, but structurally different
  2. Comprised of ____ coenzyme A and ____.
  3. When broken down forms into ____ and ___.
  4. Enzyme called acetylchole_____ breaks down acetylcholine
A
  1. Amino
  2. Acetyl, choline
  3. Acetate and choline
  4. Acetylcholinesterase
21
Q
  1. Nonacidic neurotransmitter containing an amine group (“bioamines”): ____
  2. These have a catechol ring and two Hydroxl [OH] groups attached the them.
  3. They also form what 3 NT?
  4. This has a complex double organic ring called an indoor ring.
  5. It is an ____
A
  1. Monoamines
  2. Catecholamines
  3. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
  4. Serotonin
  5. Indolamine
22
Q

ATP, Adenosine and it’s derivatives are called these NTs

A

Purines.

23
Q

This is the only known gas to act as a NT

what does it do?

A

Nitric oxide [NO]

Dilate blood vessels

24
Q

Action potential causes what to enter which releases NT?

A

Calcium

25
Q

Neurons synthesize NT from substances in the ___

A

Diet

26
Q

Peptide NT synthesized from ___ ___ provided by diet

Acetylcholine is synthesized from ___ which is abundant in ___ and milk

A

Amino acids

Choline, cauliflower

27
Q

This precursor to serotonin is important in the brain and increases after a meal rich in protein

A

Tryptophan

28
Q

Small NT are synthesized in ____ terminals, close to release point

A

Terminals

29
Q

Larger NY, like peptides, are synthesized in the ___ body and transported slowly down the axon.
They are not reabsorbed and ____ like many smaller NT, thus they are exhausted ___

A

cell

Recycled, quickly

30
Q

The release of NT through the membrane is called:

A

Exocytosis

31
Q

Usually 2 or 3 transmitters are released from each neuron; always the same ____
Dale’s Law: a mature neuron makes use of the same NT at all of its synapses. This was proved ___
Daly’s law was proved false, and many mature neurons contain more than one NT, this is referred to as ____, and usually contains a low-molecular weight NT and a ____ peptide

A

Combination
False
Coexistence, neuroactive

32
Q

Dale’s Law has been reformulated to: a neuron makes use of the same _____ of chemical messengers at all of its synapses, but neurons may receive and respond to many more.

A

Combination

33
Q

Activations at receptors
Ionotropic
1. Quick start (___ms) and a short duration (__ms)
2. Localized effect on ____
3. Immediately opens gates for ions; eg ____
4. Most abundant: ____ (excitatory)
5. Most abundant inhibitory: ___
6. Ionotropic synapses for ____ events like visual stimulation, muscle movements etc.

A
  1. 10, 30
  2. Membrane
  3. Acetylcholine
  4. Glutamate
  5. GABA
  6. Quick
34
Q

Metabotropic effects

  1. Late start (__ms)
  2. Activates _-protein
  3. G-protein ___/___ ion channels, changes protein ______, or activates ____ in cell
A
  1. 30ms
  2. G
    3 opens/closes, production, chromosomes
35
Q

These NTs are mainly peptides, they are chemicals released in small quantities that diffuse to nearby cells, and act at metabolic receptors; and are long lasting.

Chemicals released in larger quantities in blood stream and act like Metabotropic NT

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Insulin, oxytocin and others act as both ____, and ____

A

Neuromodulators

Hormones

NTs and hormones

36
Q

These act as NT and hormones (INOE)

A

Insulin, Norepinephrine, oxytocin, epinephrine,

37
Q
  1. A drug that mimics or increases the effect of a NT

2. A drug that blocks or takes away the effects of the NT

A
  1. Agonist

2. Antagonist

38
Q

Ability of a drug to bind to a receptor.
(How long it says on the receptor)

The degree to which the drug activates the receptor once bound

A

Affinity

Efficacy

39
Q

D_ receptor related to alcohol consumption, rec. drugs use, overeating and habitual gambling
D_ related to being impulsive, exploratory and quick-tempered, schizophrenia, no link to personality

A

D2 receptor

D4 receptor

40
Q

Acetylcholine has at least _ types of nicotine and _ types of muscarinic receptors
Dopamine has _ typos of receptors
Seratonin has __ types of receptors

A

4, 5
5
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Brain And Behavior (3 decks)

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