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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is “normal” behavior?

A

what is accepted by society, the majority behavior

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2
Q

Methods of defining abnormal behavior

A
  1. statistical approach
  2. cultural approach
  3. mental health criteria
  4. personal criteria
  5. broad criteria of abnormality
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3
Q

Statistical approach

A

infrequent behaviors in a society

- if you have low/high anxiety = disorder

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4
Q

abnormality (statistical approach)

A

infrequent behaviors

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5
Q

problems with statistical approach

A

some rare behaviors are not mental illness, some common behaviors could be
- can’t really use statistics to measure

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6
Q

Cultural approach

A

deviation from accepted behaviors in a society

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7
Q

problems with cultural approach

A
  1. no great consistency between cultures
  2. cultural norms change over time
  3. assumes society is never sick, only individuals
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8
Q

psychopathy (cultural)

A

abnormal

ex. that dude in cbus who drank pee
ex. Koro = paranoid fear of penis retraction
ex. streaking popular in 70s
ex. Germany, Holocaust

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9
Q

Mental health criteria

A

mental illness
Broverman et al
“Double standard of mental health”

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10
Q

mental illness

A

absence of mental health

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11
Q

Broverman et al (1970)

A
  • double standard of mental health
  • surveyed mental health professionals, 1/3 asked to describe healthy, mature adult, 1/3 asked to describe healthy, mature man, 1/3 asked to describe healthy, mature woman
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12
Q

Personal criteria

A

individual defines morality

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13
Q

Problems with personal criteria

A

denial, lack of awareness

ex. substance abuse (rationalize)

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14
Q

Broad criteria of of abnormality

A

a. cause distress
b. deviance and bizarreness
c. dysfunction and maladaptiveness

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15
Q

cause distress and discomfort

A
  • causes physical, emotional, discomfort to others

- ex. anti-social personality disorder

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16
Q

deviance and bizarreness

A

ex. hoarders, paranoia

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17
Q

dysfunction and maladaptiveness

A
  • interferes w/ daily living

- ex. OCD

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18
Q

etiology of mental illness

A

we don’t know the specific reason - what causes mental illness?

  • alternative views
    ex. depression (environment and neurotransmitters)
  • cog + behav + environ
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19
Q

paradigm shifts

A

now: Albert Ellis
then: Freud

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20
Q

What puts people at risk for mental illness?

A
  1. age (younger)
  2. relationship (single)
  3. education, money (lower)
  4. social contact
  5. employment
  6. low relationship satisfaction
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21
Q

Not risk factors:

A
  • sex/gender
  • intelligence
  • race/ethnicity
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22
Q

Theoretical Models

A
  1. psychodynamic
  2. cognitive
  3. behavioral
  4. humanistic
  5. sociocultural
  6. biological
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23
Q

psychodynamic (short)

A

unconscious conflicts

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24
Q

cognitive (short)

A

ways of thinking

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25
Q

behavioral (short)

A

problematic behaviors

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26
Q

humanistic (short)

A

rules of values and self concept

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27
Q

sociocultural (short)

A

society and cultural

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28
Q

biological (short)

A

genetic, brain functions

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29
Q

Behavioral Theory

A
  1. classical conditioning

2. operant conditioning

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30
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning by association

  • nothing natural with things we can be afraid of (ex. spiders)
  • memorize classical conditioning chart
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31
Q

operant conditioning

A

uses positive/negative reinforcement and punishment

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32
Q

reinforcement

A

increase

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33
Q

positive reinforcement (ex. depression)

A

sad when we lose something, so people coddle us

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34
Q

negative reinforcement

A

maintains anxiety

ex. OCD maintained by neg. reinforcement bc they don’t put themselves in anxiety situations (increasing avoidance)

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35
Q

Cognitive model

A

explain psychological disorders by how you think
- disorders are a function of how we interpret our experiences
- we think events cause our emotions, when it’s actually our beliefs that cause our emotions
RET

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36
Q

RET

A

rational emotive therapy

- look at model

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37
Q

Humanistic model

A

focuses on self-actualization, pursue potentials

  • the type of environment you were raised in
    ex. unconditional positive regard
    ex. conditions of worth
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38
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

support/love no matter behaviors

- healthy development

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39
Q

conditions of worth

A

leads to anxiety/depression

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40
Q

Sociocultural model

A
  1. early deprivation/trauma (ex. neglect, poverty)
  2. cultural influences (class, race, ethnicity)
    ex. universal disorders (schizophrenia)
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41
Q

Biological model

A

pathology (sickness), symptoms, diagnosis

- mental disorders as diseases

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42
Q

aspects of the biological model

A
  1. genetics

2. neurotransmitters

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43
Q

genetics

A
  • don’t determine disorders, only predispose a person

- more you see disease in family, higher vulnerability

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44
Q

while genetics makes you more vulnerable…

A

doesn’t mean you’ll get it

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45
Q

while a disorder may be in your genetics…

A

something in environment triggers disorder

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46
Q

when you inherit genetic predispositions

A

genotype

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47
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup (ex. twin studies)

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48
Q

MZ twins

A

monozygotic

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49
Q

DZ twins

A

dizygotic (share less genetic material than MZ twins)

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50
Q

concordance rate

A

% twins that share diagnosis

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51
Q

rate of schizo in MZ twins

A

45-55%

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52
Q

rate of schizo in DZ twins

A

17%

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53
Q

Neurotransmitter effects

A
  1. reuptake
  2. degredation
    “chemical messengers”
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54
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption of neurotransmitter

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55
Q

degredation

A

neurotransmitters are broken down

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56
Q

“chemical messengers”

A

neurotransmitters

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57
Q

can be used again

A

reuptake

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58
Q

not reabsorbed

A

degredation

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59
Q

significant changes in DSM

A
  1. autistic disorders
  2. added binge eating
  3. hoarding disorder
  4. excoriation
  5. premenstral disorder
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60
Q

autistic disorder changes

A

some need care, others dont

- no ausbergers anymore

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61
Q

Rejected for DSM

A
  1. hypersexual disorder (no science)
  2. parental alienation syndrome
  3. sensory processing disorder
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62
Q

What does DSM do and not do

A

does: list disorders and treatment

doesn’t: discuss treatment

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63
Q

Problems with the DSM (and diagnosis)

A
  1. no distinct treatment is implied
  2. implies a clear distinction between normal and abnormal
  3. fails to give whole picture of client
  4. labels the client
64
Q

lables the client

A

lables can become self-fulfilling prophecy

ex. Rosenhan (1973)

65
Q

Rosenhan: on being sane in insane places

A
  • 1 person stayed 5 days
  • 1 person stayed 52 days
  • real patients could tell, nurses couldn’t
  • helped change diagnostic system
  • 2 aims; get data on patient
66
Q

IV of Rosenhan

A

lack of symptoms

67
Q

DV of Rosenhan

A

staff response (combined total of 2500 pills

68
Q

clinical interviews

A
  • structured vs. unstructured
  • get…
  • ex. Mental Status Exam
69
Q

structured vs. unstructured

A

interview lasts around 1 hr

70
Q

get:

A
  1. presenting problem
  2. history
  3. present functioning
  4. coping skills/strengths
71
Q

ex. Mental Status Exam

A

similar to physical exam

- cognitive, intellectual, emotional

72
Q

Objective Tests

73
Q

MMPI 2

A

self report tests
10 clinical scales
3 validity scales

74
Q

self report tests

A
  • highly reliable and valid
  • symptoms of psychopathology
  • 567 TF questions
75
Q

10 clinical scales

A
  1. hypochondria
  2. depression
  3. schizophrenia
76
Q

“I have a great deal of stomach trouble”

A

hypochondria

77
Q

Can you make a diagnosis based off of MMPI 2?

78
Q

3 validity scales (truth-telling)

A 
L scale (lie) "fake good"
F scale (frequency) "fake bad"
K scale (defensiveness)
79
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • test unconscious dimensions of personality

- ambiguous stimuli

80
Q

ambiguous stimuli

A

project unconsious needs/desires

81
Q

Rorschach Inkblot

A

1921 - 10 blots, 5 colors, 5 black and whites

82
Q

TAT

A

(Thematic Apperception Test)

  • internal needs and environmental press
  • 30 ambiguous pictures
83
Q

Projectives

A

low reliability and validity

84
Q

Anxiety

A

general state of apprehension about what may happen

- nothing has happened yet, could happen in future

85
Q

how is anxiety manifested?

A
  1. cognitively
  2. motorically
  3. somatically
  4. affectively
86
Q

worry, dread, ruminations

87
Q

agitation, fidgety

A

motorically

88
Q

dizzy, sweating, tension

A

somatically

89
Q

depression, sadness

A

affectively

90
Q

anxiety disorders =

A

neurosis

- most common diagnosed disorder in women, second for men

91
Q

what did Freud say anxiety was

A

repressed things

92
Q

Anxiety Vs. Fear: Fear

A

basic emotion, present oriented, clear danger

- not about what could happen, about what is happening now

93
Q

Anxiety vs. Fear: Anxiety

A

future oriented, diffuse, unclear threat, anticipate

- not clear/present danger, possibility

94
Q

State vs. Trait Anxiety: State

A

anxiety as a function of a situation

95
Q

State vs. Trait Anxiety: Trait

A

disposition towards anxiety

96
Q

what produces optimal performance (helpful)

A

moderate anxiety

97
Q

Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders

A
  1. one’s inability to cope with anxiety underlies
  2. seriously disruptive, no loss of contact with reality
  3. moderate levels of diagnosed pain
98
Q

seriously disruptive, no loss of contact with reality

A
  • frequent, intense anxiety
  • development of avoidance
  • understand that fears are irrational
99
Q

panic disorder

A
  • unexpected panic attacks
  • last 2-3 min/1 hr
  • described as worst experience (heart attack)
100
Q

syptoms of panic disorder

A
  • cant breath
  • racing heart/palpitations
  • chest pain/discomfort
  • detached from one’s self
  • fear of going crazy, losing control, dying
101
Q

Unexpected vs. Cued panic attacks

A

attacks recurrent, fear of another

  • initial attack typically occurs after neg. life event
  • onset = early adulthood
102
Q

(Happen for no reason vs. triggered)

A
  • begin structuring life to accommodate
  • nocturnal panic - 1-3 am
  • more common in females than males
  • frequent users of ER
103
Q

To cope with panic attacks

A
  1. drugs/alcohol
  2. tolerance
  3. develop agoraphobia
104
Q

agoraphobia

A

avoid situation of attack

105
Q

Causes of panic disorders

A
  1. Biological

2. Cognitive

106
Q

biological causes of panic disorders

A

abnormal norepinephrine functioning

  • brain circuit abnormality
  • sudden increase of CO2
107
Q

sudden increase of CO2

A

leads to shortness of breath

mind takes over in fear and makes it worse

108
Q

cognitive causes of panic disorders

A

physio sensations misinterpreted

  • links panic feeling to external stimuli
  • becomes fearful of event
109
Q

Treatment of Panic Disorder

A
  1. SNRIs (nor. and serotonin)
  2. SSRIs
  3. anti-anxiety meds (habit forming)
  4. Cognitive treatment
110
Q

ex. of SNRI

A

effexor, pristiq

111
Q

ex. of SSRI

A

celexa, zoloft

112
Q

cognitive treatment

A

correct one’s misinterpretations of bodily sensations

113
Q

Phobia

A

intense, irrational fear

- out of proportion with reality

114
Q

phobias

A
  • promote fight or flight
  • avoidance of feared object
  • 6/100 people (based on who seeks help)
  • 8/100 women
  • 3.5/100 men
115
Q

Problems with medical model

A
  1. no cures for some diseases
  2. patient is not responsible for Tx
  3. over-reliance on drugs
116
Q

Diagnisis (Dx)

A

attempt to classify illness into concrete, mutually exclusive categories

117
Q

why is diagnosis necessary

A
  1. categorize the problem
  2. identify functioning breakdown
  3. predictions about future behavior
  4. aids in treatment planning
118
Q

what does diagnosis assume

A
  • homogeneity within categories

- categories are distinct from each other - isnt always true

119
Q

History of Diagnosis

A
  1. emile Kraepelin (1900)
    - incurable madness (schizo)
    - elation and melancholy (bipolar)
    - DSM
    - DSM III
    - DSM IV
    - DSM 5
120
Q

DSM 1952

A

60 disorders

121
Q

DSM III

A

1987
220 disorders
v-codes
adjustment disorders

122
Q

DSM IV

A

2004 ( >300)

123
Q

DSM 5 (2013)

A

315
stress: 0-100
GAF

124
Q

Treatment of OCD

A
  • exposure response prevention
125
Q

exposure response prevention

A

exposure to fear without being allowed to respond with compulsion
ex. lock door once and make them leave
(effective and scary)

126
Q

hoarding

A

persistend difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of value

127
Q

when was hoarding added to DSM

A

2013 (used to be subset of OCD)

128
Q

facts about hoarding

A
  • typically begins in teen years
  • view themselves as collectors
  • strong anxiety about throwing away
  • distinct from OCD
  • antidepressants show mixed results
  • no longer an adaptive trait
  • don’t think they have a problem
  • therapists have to work hands on
129
Q

difference between hoarders and collectors

A

collectors don’t collect useless things

130
Q

treatment of anxiety disorders

A
  • 10-20 sessions
  • learning-behavioral approach
  • cognitive therapies
131
Q

learning-behavioral approach

A
  1. exposure therapies

2. inhibit anxiety

132
Q

exposure therapies

A

expose to fearful stimuli

  • extinction
  • flooding
133
Q

extinction

A

via clasical conditioning

CS (dentist) + UCS (pain) = CR (fear)

134
Q

flooding

A

exposure to feared stimulus all at once
in vivo - real exposure
in vito - imagined

135
Q

inhibit anxiety

A

inhibit with an incopatible response

- systematic desensitization

136
Q

systematic desensitization

A
  • relaxation with anxiety-provoking situations
  • takes place over months of time
  • fear has to interfere significantly in life
137
Q

steps to systematic desensitization

A
  1. progressive relaxation
  2. fear stibuli
  3. pair relaxation with hierarchy
138
Q

progressive relaxation

A

tense all muscles and release

139
Q

pair relaxation with hierarchy

A

build hierarcy of fear

ex. snakes -> lease fearful association to most fearful

140
Q

Cognitive Therapies

A
  • anxiety

- cognitive restructuring

141
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

replace irrational beliefs with accurate ones

unrealistic thoughts = maladaptive behavior

142
Q

anxiety (cognitive therapies)

A

= unrealistic appraisal of situation and response

  • tend to overestimate harm
    ex. bees will always sting
143
Q

phobias may be

A

adaptive/have been at one time

144
Q

phobias may grow

A

progressively broader

145
Q

how long does a phobia last

A

24-31 years

146
Q

3 general categories of phobias

A
  1. specific phobia
  2. social phobia
  3. agoraphobia
147
Q

specific phobia

A
  • most common
  • specific object/situation
  • interferes with functioning
148
Q

4 subtypes of specific phobias

A
  1. animal type
  2. natural environment type
  3. blood-injection-injury
149
Q

facts about phobias

A
  • unusual physio response
  • may be adaptive
  • BP, heartrate decrease
  • fainting
  • nausea
150
Q

Causes of Specific Phobias

A
  1. Classical + Operant conditioning

2. Vicarious learning

151
Q

classical + operant conditioning

A

US (pain) -> UR (fear)

dentist example

152
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • negative reinforcement

- fear, avoidance increases as anxiety removed

153
Q

vicarious learning

A

learn the fear from someone else’s fear

154
Q

social phobia

A

fear negative evaluation by others

  • specific or general
  • judge themselves hashly
  • begins in adolescence
  • 70% female, 30% male
155
Q

causes of social phobia

A
  • biological vulnerability
  • panic attack in social situations
  • cognitive theory
156
Q

cognitive theory (social phobia)

A

negative thoughts, hypervigilance

157
Q

agoraphobia

A

“fear of the marketplace”

  • public places where escape will be difficult, escape unavoidable
  • fear panic attack and no escape
  • anticipatory anxiety
  • negatively reinforced

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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