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Neuro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CN I

A

Name: olfactory n.
Associated opening(s): olfactory foramina in cribiform plate
Type: special sensory
Innervation target: olfactory epithelium

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2
Q

CN II

A

Name: optic n.
Associated opening(s): optic canal (sphenoid bone)
Type: special sensory
Innervation target: retina

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3
Q

CN III

A

Name: oculomotor n.
Associated opening(s): superior orbital fissure
Type: motor
Innervation target: inferior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus mm.

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4
Q

CN IV

A

Name: trochlear n.
Associated opening(s): superior orbital fissure
Type: motor
Innervation target: superior oblique m.

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5
Q

CN V1

A

Name: Opthalmic branch of trigeminal n.
Associated opening(s): superior orbital fissure, supraorbital foramen (exits)
Type: sensory
Innervation target: skin on upper 1/3 of face

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6
Q

CN V2

A

Name: maxillary branch of trigeminal n.
Associated opening(s): foramen rotundum, infraorbital foramen (exits)
Type: sensory
Innervation target: skin on middle 1/3 of face

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7
Q

CN V3

A

Name: mandibular branch of trigeminal n.
Associated opening(s): foramen ovale
Type: sensory; motor
Innervation target: skin on lower 1/3 of face, pain from tongue; temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid mm.

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8
Q

CN VI

A

Name: abducens n.
Associated opening(s): superior orbital fissure
Type: motor
Innervation target: lateral rectus m.

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9
Q

CN VII

A

Name: facial n.
Associated opening(s): internal acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen (exits)
Type: motor; special sensory
Innervation target: muscles of facial expression; tastebuds on anterior 2/3 of tongue

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10
Q

CN VIII

A

Name: vestibulocochlear n.
Associated opening(s): internal acoustic meatus
Type: special sensory
Innervation target: inner ear (cochlea and vestibular apparatus)

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11
Q

CN IX

A

Name: Glossopharyngeal n.
Associated opening(s): jugular foramen
Type: special sensory; motor
Innervation target: tastebuds on posterior 1/3 of tongue; muscles of pharynx

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12
Q

CN X

A

Name: vagus n.
Associated opening(s): jugular foramen
Type: sensory; special sensory; motor
Innervation target: skin across throat and external acoustic meatus; taste and gag reflex; smooth muscles of pharynx and gut

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13
Q

CN XI

A

Name: accessory n.
Associated opening(s): jugular foramen, foramen magnum (exits)
Type: motor
Innervation target: trapezius, SCM, muscles of pharynx

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14
Q

CN XII

A

Name: hypoglossal n.
Associated opening(s): hypoglossal canal
Type: motor
Innervation target: muscles of tongue

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15
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: posterior auricular nerve
Action(s): raises eyebrows

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16
Q

Platysma

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: cervical
Action(s): depress mandible, tense skin of inferior face and neck

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17
Q

Buccinator

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: buccal
Action(s): helps keep food in cheek

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18
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: zygomatic
Action(s): wink, squeeze eyes shut

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19
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: buccal
Action(s): lift upper lip

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20
Q

Zygomaticus major and minor

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: zygomatic
Action(s): Elvis lip

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21
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: buccal
Action(s): purse lips

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22
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: buccal
Action(s): frown

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23
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: buccal
Action(s): smile

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24
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: buccal
Action(s): depress lower lip

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25
Q

Mentalis

A

Innervations: facial n.
Branch: marginal mandibular
Action(s): pouty face

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26
Q

SCM

A

Innervations: accessory n.

Action(s): rotation of head to opposite side, flexion

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27
Q

Masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids

A

Innervations: Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
Actions: muscles of mastication

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28
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Innervations: oculomotor
Action: lifts eyelid
Clinical testing: eye up

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29
Q

Superior rectus

A

Innervations: oculomotor
Action: eye elevates and adducts (medial/nasal rotation)
Clinical testing: lateral then elevate

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30
Q

Superior oblique

A

Innervations: trochlear
Action: eye depresses and abducts (lateral/temporal rotation)
Clinical testing: have them look medial to align muscle and then look down

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31
Q

Medial rectus

A

Innervations: oculomotor
Action: eye medially rotated
Clinical testing: adduct

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32
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Innervations: abducent
Action: eye laterally rotated
Clinical testing: abduct

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33
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Innervations: oculomotor
Action: eye depresses and adducts (medial/nasal rotation)
Clinical testing: lateral then depress

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34
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Innervations: oculomotor
Action: eye elevates and abducts (lateral/temporal rotation)
Clinical testing: have them look medially to align muscle and then look up

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35
Q

CN V motor function

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Tensor Tympani
  • Tensor Veli Palatini
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior belly of digastric
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36
Q

CN V sensory function

A
  • Major sensory nerve of face
  • Dura mater
  • Cornea, conjunctiva
  • Anterior 2/3 tongue sensation*
  • Teeth
  • Buccal mucosa
  • External ear and canal
  • External part of TM
  • Temporal region
  • Paranasal sinuses
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37
Q

CN V nuclei located in…

A

Pons

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38
Q

Three branches of opthalmic division of CN V

A

-Nasociliary
-Frontal
-Lacrimal
(terminates as supraorbital / supratrochlear nn.)

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39
Q

Maxillary divides into…

A
  • Zygomatic n.
  • Infraorbital n. (terminal n. that exits out infraorbital foramen)
  • Palatine
  • Superior alveolar (anterior, middle, posterior)
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40
Q

Manibular divides into…

A
  • Auriculotemporal
  • Inferior alveolar
  • Lingual
  • Buccal
  • Mental
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41
Q

4 parasympathetic ganglia and their associated nerves

A
  • Ciliary - short ciliary n
  • Otic - auriculotemporal n
  • Submandibular - lingual n
  • Pterygopalatine - palatine n
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42
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A
  • Disorder of the sensory root of CN V
  • Characterized by sudden attacks of excruciating facial pain
  • V2 most frequently involved
  • Pt. sometimes has aberrant arterial branch lying in close contact to affected nerve
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43
Q

Somatic motor innervation of facial n.

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Stapedius
  • Stylohyoid
  • Posterior belly of digastric
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44
Q

Visceral motor fibers of facial n. (parasympathetic)

A
  • Chorda tympani nerve

- Greater petrosal nerve

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45
Q

Special sensory (intermediate nerve) of facial n.

A

Chorda tympani»lingual nerve (CN V3)

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46
Q

Facial nerve motor root path

A

Internal acoustic meatus»facial canal (within petrous temporal bone)»geniculate ganglion»stylomastoid foramen

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47
Q

What nerve does the facial nerve immediately give off after exiting via the stylomastoid foramen?

A

Posterior auricular nerve

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48
Q

5 terminal branches of facial nerve

A
  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Marginal mandibular
  • Cervical
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49
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A
  • Paralysis to muscles of facial expression
  • May/may not have loss of taste on anterior 2/3 tongue
  • May/may not have decreased secretions from lacrimal or submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
  • Loss of EFFERENT limb of corneal reflex
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50
Q

Chorda tympani nerve

A
  • Carries taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to submandibular ganglion»unites with lingual nerve»postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
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51
Q

Greater petrosal nerve

A

preganglionic parasympathetic»pterygopalatine ganglion»postganglionic parasympathetic fibers»maxillary n.»zygomatic n»lacrimal n»lacrimal gland (or mucous glands of palate, maxillary sinus, and nasal cavity)

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52
Q

Layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose (areolar) CT
Periosteum (pericranium)
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53
Q

Which layer of the dura mater forms folds?

A

Meningeal dura

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54
Q

What do dural venous sinuses carry?

A

Venous blood and CSF

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55
Q

How are dural venous sinuses different from veins?

A

Only have tunica intima and no valves

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56
Q

What are connecting veins between sinuses and scalp?

A
  • Emissary veins - drain scalp through bone and into sinuses
  • Bridging veins - drain subarachnoid space
  • Cerebral veins - drain brain tissue itself
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57
Q

Epidural hematoma

A
  • Usually caused by trauma
  • Rupture of middle meningeal artery near pterion common cause
  • Bleeding creates an epidural space inside the cranial cavity
  • Lens shape puts pressure on brain affects…
  • CN III»dilated pupil
  • CN VI»adducted pupil
  • CN II»bulging of optic cup
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58
Q

Subdural hematoma

A
  • Often caused by tearing of bridging veins (due to brain moving around in skull - elderly, babies)
  • Within a space that already exists so it can go across the brain surface (can be hard to detect)
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59
Q

Choroid plexus

A
  • Found in walls of ventricles
  • Supplied by branches of cerebral arteries
  • Creates CSF
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60
Q

Function of cisterns

A

CSF pools here so it doesn’t drain instantaneously like a sprinkler system, taking high pressure fluid and distributing it timely

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61
Q

Circulation of CSF

A

Right and left ventricles»interventricular foramen»3rd ventricle»cerebral aqueduct»4th ventricle»median and lateral apertures OR central canal»subarachnoid space»arachnoid villi»superior sagittal sinus

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62
Q

Sternohyoid

A

Innervation: C1-C3 (ansa cervicalis)

Action(s): depress hyoid after being elevated during swallowing

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63
Q

Omohyoid

A

Innervation: C1-C3 (ansa cervicalis)

Action(s): depress, retract, and steady hyoid

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64
Q

Sternothyroid

A

Innervation: C2-C3 (ansa cervicalis)

Action(s): depress hyoid and larynx

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65
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Innervation: CN XII

Action(s): depress hyoid and elevate larynx

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66
Q

Digastric

A

Innervation: A - n. to mylohyoid (inferior alveolar n.)
P - CN VII
Action(s): depress mandible against resistance, elevate and steady hyoid with swallowing and speech

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67
Q

Stylohyoid

A

Innervation: CN VII

Action(s): elevate and retract hyoid»elongate floor of mouth

68
Q

Mylohyoid

A

Innervation: CN V3

Action(s): elevate hyoid, floor of mouth and tongue when swallowing/talking

69
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Innervation: external laryngeal n. (CN X)

Action(s): stretch/tense vocal lig. and increase vocal pitch

70
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Innervation: dorsal scapular n.

Action(s): elevate scapula and inferiorly tilt glenoid cavity

71
Q

Anterior scalene

A

Innervation: C4-6

Action(s): flex head

72
Q

Middle scalene

A

Innervation: cervical spinal nerves (anterior rami)

Action(s): flex neck laterally, elevate 1st rib during inspiration

73
Q

Suboccipital triangle bounded by

A

Medial - rectus capitis posterior major
Lateral - obliquus capitis superior
Inferior - obliquus capitis inferior

74
Q

Posterior triangle bounded by

A

Anterior - posterior border of SCM
Posterior - anterior border of trapezius
Inferior - clavicle

75
Q

Anterior triangle bounded by

A

Anterior - midline of neck
Posterior - anterior border of SCM
Superior - mandible
Inferior - sternum

76
Q

Structures within suboccipital triangle

A

Suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery

77
Q

Structures within anterior triangle

A

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, thyroid gland and cartilage, hyoid muscles, hyoid bone

78
Q

Structures within posterior triangle

A

Accessory nerve, lesser occipital nerve, great auricular nerve

79
Q

Geniohyoid

A

Innervation: hypoglossal n.
Action: assists in opening mandible

80
Q

Hyoglossus

A

Innervation: hypoglossal n.
Action: depresses tongue

81
Q

Genioglossus

A

Innervation: hypoglossal n.
Action: protrudes tongue

82
Q

Le Fort I

A

Horizontal fracture of maxilla, palatine bone, and pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone; separates inferior maxilla, teeth, and palate from the rest of the face
Affects: maxillary sinus, superior alveolar nerves and arteries, greater and lesser palatine nerves and arteries, incisive artery

83
Q

Le Fort II

A

Fracture through maxilla and lacrimal bones; may involve zygomatic, ethmoid, nasal, and parts of sphenoid bones
Affects: inferior orbit, lacrimal apparatus, maxillary sinus, infraorbital nerve and artery, nasal septum, superior alveolar nerves and arteries, greater and lesser palatine nerves and arteries, septal and lateral nasal branches of maxillary nerve and sphenopalatine artery

84
Q

Le Fort III

A

Fracture through greater wing of sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, nasal bones, frontozygomatic region, pterygoid plates of sphenoid, zygomatic bone/arch
Affects: medial and lateral walls of orbit, ethmoid bone/air cells, inferior orbital fissure, zygomatic branches of maxillary nerve, other maxillary nerve branches may be stretched

85
Q

Muscles innervated by vagus

A
  • Superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictor
  • Esophagus
  • Levator veli palatini
  • Salpingopharyngeus
  • Palatopharyngeus
86
Q

What muscle is innervated by glossopharyngeal?

A

Stylopharyngeus

87
Q

Pharynx function

A
  1. Pharynx senses food (CN IX)
  2. Soft palate contracts - closes off nasopharynx (CN X and V3)
  3. Suprahyoid muscles and epiglottis close off laryngeal opening (C1 and V3)
  4. Longitudinal pharyngeal muscles shorten pharynx (CN IX and X) and pharyngeal constrictors (CN X) move bolus inferiorly
88
Q

Scalp infection

A

loose areolar tissue allows sliding; purulent material can spread infection if reaches scalp

89
Q

Headache

A
  • dural membrane (CN V, all 3 branches) pain receptors
  • CN X, CN XII, C2, C3– infratentorial part of dura mater
  • Neurovascular headaches (migraine) generate pain through activation of CN V nociceptors in dura
90
Q

Cavernous sinus infection

A

-trabecular network traps thrombi; facial vv. connect through ophthalmic vv.
o facial vv. are valveless
o infectious thrombus introduced into cavernous sinus will get trapped there
o cranial nerves traveling through sinus can be involved if infected: III, IV, V1, VI
-CN VI first affected» paralysis of LR m.&raquo_space;present with affected side eye adducted

91
Q

Cavernous sinus hypertension

A

-rupture/aneurysm of internal carotid a. (traveling through cavernous sinus) elevates BP w/i sinus&raquo_space; pressure on nerves (particularly CN VI)
o Ophthalmic vv. also obstructed&raquo_space; exophthalmos and palpable pulse of globe

92
Q

Fluid spread in deep face

A

-infection in superficial face can spread rapidly because cutaneous nature of facial muscles means limited attachment to underlying bone&raquo_space; no barriers to movement of fluid and infection underneath this layer
o Lymph can be moved easily by effleurage (Galbraith’s Technique)

93
Q

OPP: trigeminal stimulation

A

massage of trigeminal branches: ophthalmic (supraorbital, supratrochlear) and maxillary (infraorbital)&raquo_space; glands of air sinuses to secrete watery fluid&raquo_space; loosen mucous in sinuses to help drainage when congested

94
Q

Torticollis

A

trauma or postural problems cause unilateral shortening of SCM&raquo_space; head sidebent and rotated at rest

95
Q

Emergency cricothyrotomy

A

-airway through cricothyroid membrane (easily palpable b/w thyroid and cricoid cartilage, no major vessels/nerves)
o Chronic airway (tracheotomy) – hole through tracheal cartilages (just superior to isthmus of thyroid) to prevent impingement of vocal cords

96
Q

Injury to phrenic n.

A

damage can occur b/w neck and diaphragm&raquo_space; paralysis of half of diaphragm, difficulty breathing; seen on radiographs as elevated dome of diaphragm on one side, but side with functional phrenic nerve is depressed

97
Q

Injury to ansa cervicalis

A

-located anterior to carotid sheath, anterior and posterior roots most exposed to being cut&raquo_space; elevated hyoid bone, difficulty swallowing
o Innervates infrahyoid strap mm.

98
Q

Sinus drainage

A
  • Sphenoid sinus»sphenoethmoidal recess
  • Posterior ethmoidal air cells»superior meatus
  • Maxillary and frontal sinus»semilunar hiatus»middle meatus
  • anterior, middle ethmoidal air cells»ethmoid bulla»middle meatus
  • nasolacrimal duct»inferior meatus
  • auditory tube»nasopharynx
99
Q

Infection of maxillary air sinus

A

-close relationship of maxillary sinus to upper teeth and superior alveolar nerves = infection can affect each other
o Oblique orientation of maxillary sinus’s orifice into middle meatus = drainage is difficult
-Medial wall of sinus can be breached artificially to allow irrigation and drainage if opening to maxillary sinus is inaccessible

100
Q

Nose bleed (epitaxis)

A

veins of nasal cavities (swell bodies) easily torn; variety of arteries and anastomoses supply nasal cavity

101
Q

Exophtalmos

A

globes of eyeball bulge anteriorly from orbit in certain conditions (goiter, Grave’s disease, hyperthyroidism, tumor, periorbital infection, cavernous sinus thrombosis)

102
Q

Enophthalmos

A

eyeball posterior in socket (Horner syndrome)

103
Q

Pupillary dilation

A

increased intracranial pressure in head injury&raquo_space; compress CN III (as travels along tentorium cerebelli)&raquo_space; persistent dilation of pupil
o CN III carries parasympathetic axons that cause constriction (so if affected, sympathetics take over to do unopposed dilation)

104
Q

Occlusion of retinal arteries

A

central a. or retina is end artery (no anastomoses), if occluded&raquo_space; permanent loss of vision in that eye
o Atherosclerosis can block these arteries

105
Q

Development of tongue

A

tongue is motor and sensory, associated with 5 separate nerves
o CN V3 – tactile sensation
o Chorda tympani (br. of CN VII) – taste anterior 2/3
o CN IX – taste and general sensory posterior 1/3
o CN X – general sensory, taste info from small portion posterior tongue
o CN XII – motor

106
Q

Development of extraocular nerves

A

mm. derive from three cranial somites, each supplied by separate cranial n.
o CN III – LPS, SR, MR, IR, IO
o CN IV – SO
o CN VI – LR

107
Q

Fracture of dens

A

forceful flexion or extension places stress on dens&raquo_space; posterior displacement of dens can cause impingement of spinal cord
o Fracture at base (thinner to accept the transverse ligament) may be asymptomatic

108
Q

Anesthesia of laryngeal mucosa

A

comprising sensory nerves to larynx causes difficulty preventing fluids from entering trachea while swallowing; affected laryngeal mm. can make person unable to cough to expel substances
o Sensory superior to vocal cord = internal division of superior laryngeal n.
o Sensory inferior to vocal cord = inferior laryngeal n.

109
Q

Paralysis of laryngeal mm.

A

damage to recurrent laryngeal n.&raquo_space; de-innervate laryngeal mm. on affected side
o Posterior cricoarytenoid mm. – only muscles that ABDUCT the vocal folds
-Unilateral damage prevents speaking clearly
-Bilateral paralysis prevents breathing&raquo_space; need emergency tracheotomy

110
Q

OPP: atlanto-occipital membrane tension

A

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane implicated in neck pain because of association with dura mater at the foramen magnum
o Suboccipital facilitated oscillatory release and occipitoatlantal MFR – techniques to relieve tension in membrane and muscles to reduce pull on dura

111
Q

OPP: review of Fryette’s vertebral mechanics

A

o Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in neutral position&raquo_space;sidebending and rotation of group vertebrae in opposite directions
o Extension and flexion of thoracic and lumbar regions&raquo_space;vertebrae sidebend and rotate in same direction at single vertebral segment
o Initiating motion in vertebral segment will modify movement of segment in other planes

112
Q

Hyperacusis

A

paralysis of stapedius m. (CN VII) or tensor tympani (CN V3) cause heightened sensitivity to noise
o Stapedius m. increases tone to prevent stapes from impacting the oval window too violently when auditory input becomes too intense

113
Q

7 bones of the orbit

A

Roof: frontal and lesser wing of sphenoid
Medial: ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, and maxilla
Lateral: zygomatic, frontal, greater wing of sphenoid
Floor: maxilla, zygomatic, small part of palatine

114
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A
  1. Fibrous (corneoscleral) tunic
  2. vascular (uveal) tunic
  3. retinal (sensory) tunic
115
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Innervation: CN X
Actions: elevates tongue and depresses palate

116
Q

Styloglossus m.

A

Innervation: CN XII

Action(s): elevates tongue

117
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Innervation: CN XII
Action: move tongue

118
Q

CN XII lesion

A

tongue deviation to affected side (lick your wounds)

119
Q

Course of CN XII

A

-Emerges from hypoglossal nucleus of medulla oblongata»leaves cranial cavity via hypoglossal canal»descends lateral to vagus»travels deep to digastric, stylohyoid, and mylohyoid mm and superficial to hyoglossus m»enter root of tongue above hyoid

120
Q

Modality of CN XII

A

GSE (somatomotor innervation to muscles of tongue)

121
Q

Lesion to CN XI

A
  • Susceptible during surgical procedures

- weakness in shrugging (trapezius) and atrophy, impairment of rotatory movements of neck (SCM)

122
Q

CN XI course

A

Originates from ventral horn of C4-C5»GSE fibers to SCM and trapezius»motor fibers exit along spinal nerves but ascend through foramen magnum then jugular foramen

123
Q

CN IX origin

A

Lateral aspect of medulla oblongata

124
Q

SVE function of CN IX

A

Motor to stylopharyngeus

125
Q

Lesion in SVE of CN IX

A

weakness in swallowing

126
Q

GVE function of CN IX

A

Parasympathetics to parotid gland

127
Q

GVE lesion of CN IX

A

decreased salivation»dry mouth

128
Q

GSA function of CN IX

A

somatosensory info from pharynx (posterior 1/3 tongue, naso, oro, and laryngopharynx), Eustachian tube, ear drum and middle ear, part of external ear canal

129
Q

GSA lesion of CN IX

A

difficulty swallowing, absence of gag reflex on ipsilateral side

130
Q

GVA function of CN IX

A
  • Chemoreceptors in carotid body (monitors O2 and CO2)

- Pressure receptors in carotid sinus (monitors blood pressure)

131
Q

GVA lesion of CN IX

A

difficulty maintaining body homeostasis, serious if bilateral

132
Q

SVA function of CN IX

A

-taste input from posterior 1/3

133
Q

SVA lesion of CN IX

A

loss of taste

134
Q

CN X origin

A

rootlets from lateral aspect of medulla

135
Q

SVE function of CN X

A

-majority of motor fibers to pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus

136
Q

inferior laryngeal nerve innervates…

A

all internal muscles of larynx

137
Q

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve innervates…

A

cricothyroid

138
Q

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve innervates…

A

Sensory to larynx

139
Q

Lesion in SVE of CN X

A

loss of gag reflex, dysphagia, dysphonia, aphonia

140
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Function: tense vocal fold, raise pitch
Innervation: external laryngeal n.

141
Q

Thyroarytenoid and vocalis

A

Function: relax vocal fold, lower pitch
Innervation: inferior laryngeal n.

142
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

Function: abduct vocal fold, raise volume
Innervation: inferior laryngeal n.

143
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoids

A

Function: adduct vocal fold, lower volume
Innervation: inferior laryngeal n.

144
Q

Pharyngeal gag reflex arc

A

CN IX mediates afferent limb

CN X mediates efferent limb

145
Q

Palatal reflex

A

CN V2 mediates sensory, CN X mediates motor

146
Q

Unilateral lesion in palatal reflex

A

Uvula deviation to normal side

147
Q

GVE function of CN X

A

Parasympathetics to thoracic and abdominal viscera

148
Q

GVE lesion in CN X

A

increased HR, decreased gut peristalsis and sounds, decreased secretions from digestive glands (sympathetics take over)

149
Q

GSA function of CN X

A

Somatosensory info from portions of dura mater, larynx and epiglottis region, part of external auditory canal

150
Q

Arnold’s reflex

A
  • Ear-cough reflex
  • When auricular branch of vagus is stimulated it can trigger a cough reflex
  • Example: someone using a q-tip
151
Q

GSA lesion in CN X

A

loss of conscious perception of these areas

152
Q

GVA function of CN X

A

non-painful viscerosensory info from thoracic and abdominal viscera and baroreceptors or pressure sensors of aortic arch

153
Q

GVA lesion of CN X

A

loss of visceral reflexes»decreased visceral function

154
Q

SVA function of CN X

A

special taste buds on epiglottis

155
Q

SVE lesion of CN X

A

loss of taste sensation from epiglottis (not noticeable)

156
Q

Anterior cavity of eye

A

From cornea to back of lens; filled with aqueous humor

  • Anterior chamber - cornea to iris
  • Posterior chamber - iris to lens
157
Q

Posterior cavity of eye

A

From lens to back of eye; filled with vitreous humor

158
Q

Characterization of Horner syndrome having to do with the eyelid muscles

A

Ptosis

159
Q

Eyelid structures

A
  • tarsal plates (dense bands of CT, contain tarsal glands)
  • medial palpebral lig. (attachment of orbicularis oculi)
  • lateral palpebral lig.
  • orbital septum (continuous with periosteum, boundary for orbital fat and can limit spread of infection)
160
Q

Orbital cellulitis

A
  • Less common
  • Infection posterior to the orbital septum
  • More serious- can involve nerves, muscles, vision, etc.
  • Usually secondary to infection of paranasal sinuses
161
Q

Preseptal cellulitis

A
  • More common
  • Infection anterior to the orbital septum
  • Less serious- typically no vision or oculomotor involvement
  • Usually secondary to skin trauma, insect bite, etc.
162
Q

Innervation to lacrimal gland

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic from CN VII»pterygopalatine ganglion»postganglionic fibers to zygomatic n.»lacrimal n.»lacrimal gland

163
Q

CN III superior and inferior division

A

Superior: somatic motor to SR and levator palpebrae superioris
Inferior: somatic motor to MR, IR, and IO; preganglionic parasympathetic to ciliary ganglion (post-synaptic fibers via short ciliary nn. to sphincter pupillae and ciliary mm.)

164
Q

CN VI (abducent) palsy

A
  • LR paralyzed, MR unopposed

- Patient would be unable to abduct eye (affected eye fixed in adduction)

165
Q

CN IV (trochlear) palsy

A
  • SO paralyzed, IO unopposed

- patient unable to look in and down, affected eye is up and in

166
Q

CN III (oculomotor) palsy

A

SR, IR, MR, IO all paralyzed, LR and SO work unopposed

-affected eye down and out (often will be ptosis and pupillary involvement)

167
Q

Facial vein thrombophlebitis

A
  • facial v. communicates with superior ophthalmic vein»drains to cavernous sinus
  • infection/clot in face can travel to cavernous sinus (VEINS ARE VALVELESS)»cavernous sinus thrombosis

Neuro (6 decks)

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