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Neuro > Clinical Skills > Flashcards

Clinical Skills Flashcards

1
Q

Biceps tendon reflex spinal levels

A

C5-6

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2
Q

Brachioradialis tendon reflex spinal levels

A

C5-6

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3
Q

Triceps tendon reflex spinal levels

A

C6-8

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4
Q

Patella tendon reflex spinal levels

A

L2-4

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5
Q

Achilles tendon reflex spinal levels

A

S1-2

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6
Q

Confusion

A

inappropriate response to questions, decreased attention span

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7
Q

Lethargy

A

drowsy, once awakened, responds appropriately

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8
Q

Obtundation

A

sleepy and still drowsy when awaked, decreased alertness and limited interest in environment

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9
Q

Stupor

A

arousable for short periods after visual, verbal or painful stimuli

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10
Q

Coma

A

neither awake nor aware

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11
Q

Delirium

A

confusion with disordered perceptions, or marked anxiety with inappropriate reactions to stimuli

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12
Q

3 orientation questions

A

Time (what day of the week is it? season? year?), person (do you know your name? my name?), place (do you know where you are? do you know what town you are in?)

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13
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Superficial Pain

Temperature

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14
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

Superficial Touch

Deep Pressure

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15
Q

Posterior column

A 
Vibration
Deep Pressure  
Stereognosis 
Point Location 
Two-point discrimination
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16
Q

Anterior and dorsal spinocerebellar tract

A

Proprioception

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17
Q

Brudzinski

A

How is it performed? With the patient supine, the doctor supports the head and flexes the patient’s neck
Positive sign: involuntary flexion of hips and knees
Positive Sign Means: Meningeal irritation

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18
Q

Kernig

A

How is it performed? Flex the hip and the knee to 90 degrees, then extend the knee.
Positive sign: Low back pain and resistance to flexion
Positive Sign Means: Meningeal irritation

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19
Q

Babinski and Chaddock

A

Both are extensor toe signs
Positive Indicates: upper motor neuron lesion
Positive: extension of great toe with or without fanning of other toes

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20
Q

Documentation of vision

A

Where patient can read a line / where the average person can read the line

21
Q

Rosenbaum

A

-near vision

22
Q

Snellen

A

-far vision

23
Q

Myopia

A

Near sighted (patients see near objects)

24
Q

Hyperopia

A

Far sighted (patients see far)

25
Q

Strabismus

A
  • Imbalance of extraocular mm.
  • Test with corneal light reflex; f/u with cover-uncover
  • > 6 months of age = abnormal
26
Q

Nystagmus

A

Rapid-involuntary movements of eyes

27
Q

Amblyopia

A

Brain ignores input from deviated eye

28
Q

Ptosis

A

Eyelid drops further than usual over the iris

29
Q

Miosis

A

Constriction of pupil

30
Q

Mydriasis

A

Dilation of pupil

31
Q

Retinoblastoma

A
  • Embryonic malignant tumor arising from retina
  • first 2 years of life
  • autosomal dominant
  • NO RED REFLEX
32
Q

Leukocoria

A

White reflex

33
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A
  • Disruption of normal progression of retinal vascular development in preterm infant
  • results in neovascularization (abnormal growth of blood vessels)
34
Q

Horner’s

A
  • interruption of sympathetic nerve innervation to the eye

- iipsilateral triad of ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis

35
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

-exophthalmos (bilateral)

36
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

Severe form of child abuse that results from violent shaking of infants <2 years old
Look for:
-HPI does not match PE
-Unexplained injuries
-New and old fractures in long bones and ribs
-Bilateral retinal hemorrhages (abnormal bleeding from the blood vessels in the retina)
-AMS/LOC/seizures/lethargy
-CT shows subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

37
Q

Drusen bodies

A

Precursors to macular degeneration (small, discrete, yellow spots in pigment layers of retina (aging))

38
Q

Cotton wool spots

A

soft exudates

  • gray infarcted tissue which may obscure underlying blood vessels
  • diabetic and HTN retinopathies
39
Q

Papilledema

A

Caused by increased intracranial pressure

  • central vessels pushed forward
  • veins markedly dilated and pulsations not visible
40
Q

Cararacts

A
  • Opacity of the lens

- Cloudy, blurry vision, problems with bright lights, haloing

41
Q

Risk factors for cataracts

A
  • Family history
  • Steroids
  • Exposure to UV
  • Cigarettes
  • Diabetes
  • Aging
42
Q

Corneal ulcer

A

Disruption of corneal epithelium and stroma (wearing contacts increases risk due to bacterial infection)

43
Q

Background (nonproliferative) diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and/or soft exudates
  • —-Hard Exudate: lipid transudation through incompetent capillaries
  • —-Soft Exudate (cotton-wool spots): infarction of nerve layer
  • Initially patients are asymptomatic but may progress to blurred vision, distortion, or visual acuity loss
44
Q

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A
  • Development of new vessels secondary to anoxia
  • Bleeding from these vessels is a major cause of blindness in diabetic patients
  • Laser photocoagulation therapy may be helpful
45
Q

Hordeolum (stye)

A

infection of sebaceous glands (Zeis) at base of eyelashes

  • painful
  • staph
46
Q

Chalazion

A
  • blockage of Meibomian gland on eyelid
  • nonpainful
  • not infectious
47
Q

Xanthelasma

A

Depositions of lipids in upper and lower eyelids

48
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation and crusting along eyelashes caused by many different things

Neuro (6 decks)

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