Exam 1 Flashcards
What is evolution/natural selection?
How animals evolve and adapt to their environment
What are reflexes?
An action that does not require thought
Relationship between an event and response
What are modal action patterns?
A action that a whole species does…..spiders and webs…ants and chemical traila… rattle snake and their rattlea
What is a releaser as it relates to modal action patterns?
A releaser causes the modal action pattern
What are some general behavior traits
Personality…agression….anxiety….goofiness
What are mutations?
Abrupt changes in genes
What is learning?
A change in behavior due to a experience….
What is behavior?
Anything an animal does that can be measured
What is an experience?
A change in environment…seeing new things
What is habituation?
Reduced reflex due to repetition…..mouse being scared of sounds at first but after a while is not
What is nature and nurture and what is the debate?
Nature is what your born with….genetics
Nurture is what your environment was growing up
The debate is what is more important or what has the biggest effect on people
What is the natural science approach?
The belief that everything has a cause ……cause comes before effect
What is an error as it pertains to measurement of learning?
Looking at how many or the reduction of errors
What is topography as it pertains to measurement of learning?
How well you can navigate an area
What is intensity as it pertains to measurement of learning?
The measure of how hard or loud something is…..dog can speak bark loud or whisper bark quietly
What is speed as it pertains to measurement of learning
The time it takes to complete a task
What is latency?
The time that passes before a behavior is learned
What is rate as it pertains to measurement of learning?
The number times something happens in a given time
What is fluency?
Measure of learning that combines speed and accuracy
What is anectodal evidence?
A personal experice…story from someone….no evidence
What is a case study?
It is observing someone,group, or orhanization in great detail..
What is a experiment?
A procedure where scientists manipulate variables and measure the effects of manipulation
What is an Independent variable?
The variable that is being changed
What is a dependent variable?
The measure of chance from the independent
What is descriptive research?
Try to describe or explain characteristics of population…..
What is between subjects experiment?
Testing everyone on different things…
What is an within subjects design?
Everyone in the study gets the same tests
What is the baseline period?
The test that does not have any manipulation….what you are going to compare to
What is A B A reversal design?
Giving the subjects multiple tests with the same manipulation…prevents having outlies both big and small
What are some limitations of experiments?
Biases….individuals abilities….human error..extraneous variables
What are strengths of animal research?
It can give you total control of the life of the animal from birth….control heredity…learning history…ethical problems with humans
What are criticisms of animal research?
It is not ethical….they are not human….can do computer tests
What is a unconditioned reflex?
A reflex that occurs without thought…..mouth salvation…moving hand after touching something hot
What is a conditional reflex?
A learned reflex…..stinky runs to kitchen when hearing refrigerator door open
What is a Unconditined Stimulus(US)?
Automatic and naturally occurring….hunger for food or just food
What is the unconditioned response(UR)?
Something you can’t control like salivation.
What is conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Something that is neutral at start but is eventually learned
What is conditioned response(CR)?
Learned response
What is classical conditioning/pavlovian conditioning?
A learning process where two stimuli are paired
What is higher order conditioning?
Paring a neutral stimulus(NS) with a well established CS…….dog learns bell…then pairs with light flashing
What is contingency?
If than statement that says one event X only occurs if another event Y comes first…..dog wont salivate unless bell is rung
What is contiguity?
Refers to closeness in times between two events
What is salience?
How noticeable is the thing your doing
What is extinction?
When you eliminate or suppress a behavior….person afraid of spiders is no longer
What is spontaneous recovery?
When you have extincted a behavior but not it has come back
What is the predatory response theory?
Proposes that unconditional response prepares us for unconditional stimulus…and that conditned responses prepare us for the unconditioned stimulus
What is the compensatory response theory?
Argued that the Conditoned Response prepares us for the Unconditionap Response
What is overshadowing?
When two or more stimulus are present but only one produces the response because it is more noticable
What is blocking?
Pairing a Unconditined Stimulus with a Condtionted stimulus…..
What is the difference between correlation and experimental research?
correlational studiesa researcher looks for associations among naturally occurring variables, whereas inexperimental studiesthe researcher introduces a change and then monitors its effects.
