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Biochemistry 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the terminal e- acceptor in aerobes?

A

oxygen (O2)

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2
Q

What is the terminal e- acceptor in anaerobes?

A

CO2, Fe, NO2, other stuff

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3
Q

What type of energy source do autotrophs use?

A

simple chemicals ie: CO2

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4
Q

What type of energy source do heterotrophs use?

A

complex chemicals ie: glucose

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down of molecules = release free energy

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6
Q

Are hydrolysis and oxidation reactions examples of anabolism or catabolism?

A

catabolism

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7
Q

What is anabolism?

A

ionizing/synthesizing molecules = use free energy

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8
Q

Are reduction and condensation reactions examples of anabolism or catabolism?

A

anabolism

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9
Q

What is a dehydrogenase?

A

a hydride

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10
Q

What is NAD+ used as in glycolysis?

A

cofactor - hydride acceptor, e- acceptor

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11
Q

What is Le Chatlier’s principle?

A

process - a system at equilibrium will try to remain in equilibrium

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12
Q

What is Hess’s Law?

A

reactions can be added together from different sets of reactions

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13
Q

How to convert from Celcius to Kelvin?

A

add 273

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14
Q

What are standard conditions? (M, temp in Celcius, and pressure)

A

1M, 25C, 1atm

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15
Q

Why are the standard conditions not adequate for biological conditions?

A

pH does not = ~7 if [H+] = 1M

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16
Q

What is the transformed standard state?

A

pH=~7, 1M solutes, 25C, 1atm

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17
Q

What does transformed mean when talking about standard conditions?

A

standard conditions have been altered to become adequate for biological conditions

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18
Q

What is the thermodynamics equation?

A

∆Gº = ∆Gº’ + RT ln(Q or K)

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19
Q

What does “Q” stand for in thermodynamics?

A

concentrations at new state

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20
Q

What does “K” stand for in thermodynamics?

A

equilibrium conditions

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21
Q

What does exergonic mean?

A

entropy, spontaneous (-∆G)

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22
Q

What does endergonic mean?

A

enthalpy, non-spontaneous (+∆G)

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23
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA?

A

acetate covalently bound to coenzyme A via a thioester.

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24
Q

What does DHAP stand for?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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25
Q

Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?

A

adipose and liver

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26
Q

Where does Lactic Acid Fermentation occur?

A

brain and muscle

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27
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

brain and muscle

28
Q

Where does Glucogenesis occur?

A

liver (70%) and kidneys (30%)

29
Q

What role does Mg2+ play in Glycolysis?

A

true co-substrate

30
Q

What significant role does hexokinase play in relation to glucose?

A

phosphorylates glucose = influx of glucose into cell — phosphorylation prevents glucose going out of the cell

31
Q

What is hexokinase allosterically controlled by?

A

glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

32
Q

What is a hemiketal?

A

RO-CR-OH

33
Q

What is a hemiacetal?

A

RO-CH-OH

34
Q

What is a hemiacetal?

A

RO-CH-OH

35
Q

What is an imminum?

A

a protonated Schiff base (an e- sink!)

36
Q

What is an imine structure?

A

RC=N–R/H

37
Q

What is an imminium structure?

A

RC=NH(+)–R

38
Q

How is PFK-1 allosterically controlled?

A

by ATP binding to the allosteric site

39
Q

How many binding sites PFK-1 has?

A

2 = active and allosteric sites

40
Q

What are Class I Aldolases?

A

(for plants/animals) lysine = imminium ion

41
Q

Based on Le Chatlier’s Principle, what direction does the reaction go if there is more product than substrate?

A

leads to substrate formation (backward reaction)

42
Q

Based on Le Chatlier’s Principle, what direction does the reaction go if there is more substrate than product?

A

leads to product formation (forward reaction)

43
Q

What are Class II Aldolases?

A

(for bacteria and fungi) Zinc = coordinate bond with O=C…

44
Q

In step 6 of Glycolysis, what acts as the nucleophile?

A

Cysteine

45
Q

In step 6 of Glycolysis, what acts as the general base?

A

Histidine

46
Q

What intermediates are formed in step 2 of Glycolysis? (Gluc>G6P)

A

enolate and enediol

47
Q

What intermediates are formed in step 4 of Glycolysis? (F-1,6-P>DHAP/G3P)

A

imminium and eneamine

48
Q

What intermediates are formed in step 5 of Glycolysis? (DHAP>G3P)

A

enediol

49
Q

What intermediates are formed in step 6 of Glycolysis? (G3P>1,3-BPG)

A

thioester

50
Q

What steps in Glycolysis use ATP?

A

Steps 1 and 3

51
Q

What steps in Glycolysis make ATP?

A

Steps 7 and 10

52
Q

What product in Glycolysis is considered a “high-energy intermediate”?

A

1,3-BPG

53
Q

What organisms use the phosphoglycerate mutase via the INTERmolecular pathway? What intermediate does this form?

A

yeast and rabbit, phosphohistidine intermediate

54
Q

What organisms use the phosphoglycerate mutase via the INTRAmolecular pathway? What intermediate does this form?

A

bacillus and wheat germ, phosphoserine intermediate

55
Q

In Enolase used in step 9 of Glycolysis, what acts as the general base?

A

Lysine

56
Q

In Enolase used in step 9 of Glycolysis, what acts as the general acid?

A

Glutamate

57
Q

In step 9 of Glycolysis, what is the role of Mg2+?

A

polarizes oxygens near the acidic alpha-H in order for a base to pick it up

58
Q

Which pathway and what alternative will Galactose undergo?

A

Le Loir pathway to make G6P

59
Q

What enzymes and products will be formed from Mannose?

A

(HK) = M6P –> (phophomanno-isomerase) = F6P

60
Q

What enzymes and products will be formed from Glycerol?

A

(glycerol kinase) = glycerolphosphate = DHAP

61
Q

What enzyme is used to convert starch/glycogen (from food) into glucose?

A

amylase

62
Q

What enzymes are used and steps will Fructose undergo?

A

(Fructokinase) =F16 –> (F16 aldolase) = step 5 glycolysis

63
Q

What will Fructose form with hexokinase?

A

F6P

64
Q

What enzymes used and products formed from Sucrose?

A

(sucrase) = glucose & fructose

65
Q

What enzymes and intermediates will endogenous glycogen use to form G6P?

A

1-phosphorylase, 2- glycogen debranching enzyme, 3- phosphoglucomutase

66
Q

What can Trehalose form? With what enzyme?

A

(trehalase) = 2 glucose

Biochemistry 2 (3 decks)

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