Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the terminal e- acceptor in aerobes?

A

oxygen (O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the terminal e- acceptor in anaerobes?

A

CO2, Fe, NO2, other stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of energy source do autotrophs use?

A

simple chemicals ie: CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of energy source do heterotrophs use?

A

complex chemicals ie: glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down of molecules = release free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are hydrolysis and oxidation reactions examples of anabolism or catabolism?

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is anabolism?

A

ionizing/synthesizing molecules = use free energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are reduction and condensation reactions examples of anabolism or catabolism?

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a dehydrogenase?

A

a hydride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is NAD+ used as in glycolysis?

A

cofactor - hydride acceptor, e- acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Le Chatlier’s principle?

A

process - a system at equilibrium will try to remain in equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Hess’s Law?

A

reactions can be added together from different sets of reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to convert from Celcius to Kelvin?

A

add 273

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are standard conditions? (M, temp in Celcius, and pressure)

A

1M, 25C, 1atm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are the standard conditions not adequate for biological conditions?

A

pH does not = ~7 if [H+] = 1M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the transformed standard state?

A

pH=~7, 1M solutes, 25C, 1atm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does transformed mean when talking about standard conditions?

A

standard conditions have been altered to become adequate for biological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the thermodynamics equation?

A

∆Gº = ∆Gº’ + RT ln(Q or K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does “Q” stand for in thermodynamics?

A

concentrations at new state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does “K” stand for in thermodynamics?

A

equilibrium conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does exergonic mean?

A

entropy, spontaneous (-∆G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does endergonic mean?

A

enthalpy, non-spontaneous (+∆G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA?

A

acetate covalently bound to coenzyme A via a thioester.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does DHAP stand for?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?
adipose and liver
26
Where does Lactic Acid Fermentation occur?
brain and muscle
27
Where does Glycolysis occur?
brain and muscle
28
Where does Glucogenesis occur?
liver (70%) and kidneys (30%)
29
What role does Mg2+ play in Glycolysis?
true co-substrate
30
What significant role does hexokinase play in relation to glucose?
phosphorylates glucose = influx of glucose into cell --- phosphorylation prevents glucose going out of the cell
31
What is hexokinase allosterically controlled by?
glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
32
What is a hemiketal?
RO-CR-OH
33
What is a hemiacetal?
RO-CH-OH
34
What is a hemiacetal?
RO-CH-OH
35
What is an imminum?
a protonated Schiff base (an e- sink!)
36
What is an imine structure?
RC=N–R/H
37
What is an imminium structure?
RC=NH(+)–R
38
How is PFK-1 allosterically controlled?
by ATP binding to the allosteric site
39
How many binding sites PFK-1 has?
2 = active and allosteric sites
40
What are Class I Aldolases?
(for plants/animals) lysine = imminium ion
41
Based on Le Chatlier's Principle, what direction does the reaction go if there is more product than substrate?
leads to substrate formation (backward reaction)
42
Based on Le Chatlier's Principle, what direction does the reaction go if there is more substrate than product?
leads to product formation (forward reaction)
43
What are Class II Aldolases?
(for bacteria and fungi) Zinc = coordinate bond with O=C...
44
In step 6 of Glycolysis, what acts as the nucleophile?
Cysteine
45
In step 6 of Glycolysis, what acts as the general base?
Histidine
46
What intermediates are formed in step 2 of Glycolysis? (Gluc>G6P)
enolate and enediol
47
What intermediates are formed in step 4 of Glycolysis? (F-1,6-P>DHAP/G3P)
imminium and eneamine
48
What intermediates are formed in step 5 of Glycolysis? (DHAP>G3P)
enediol
49
What intermediates are formed in step 6 of Glycolysis? (G3P>1,3-BPG)
thioester
50
What steps in Glycolysis use ATP?
Steps 1 and 3
51
What steps in Glycolysis make ATP?
Steps 7 and 10
52
What product in Glycolysis is considered a "high-energy intermediate"?
1,3-BPG
53
What organisms use the phosphoglycerate mutase via the INTERmolecular pathway? What intermediate does this form?
yeast and rabbit, phosphohistidine intermediate
54
What organisms use the phosphoglycerate mutase via the INTRAmolecular pathway? What intermediate does this form?
bacillus and wheat germ, phosphoserine intermediate
55
In Enolase used in step 9 of Glycolysis, what acts as the general base?
Lysine
56
In Enolase used in step 9 of Glycolysis, what acts as the general acid?
Glutamate
57
In step 9 of Glycolysis, what is the role of Mg2+?
polarizes oxygens near the acidic alpha-H in order for a base to pick it up
58
Which pathway and what alternative will Galactose undergo?
Le Loir pathway to make G6P
59
What enzymes and products will be formed from Mannose?
(HK) = M6P --> (phophomanno-isomerase) = F6P
60
What enzymes and products will be formed from Glycerol?
(glycerol kinase) = glycerolphosphate = DHAP
61
What enzyme is used to convert starch/glycogen (from food) into glucose?
amylase
62
What enzymes are used and steps will Fructose undergo?
(Fructokinase) =F16 --> (F16 aldolase) = step 5 glycolysis
63
What will Fructose form with hexokinase?
F6P
64
What enzymes used and products formed from Sucrose?
(sucrase) = glucose & fructose
65
What enzymes and intermediates will endogenous glycogen use to form G6P?
1-phosphorylase, 2- glycogen debranching enzyme, 3- phosphoglucomutase
66
What can Trehalose form? With what enzyme?
(trehalase) = 2 glucose

Biochemistry 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions