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Geology 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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2
Q

What is the core of the earth made of

A

Mostly iron, then nickel alloy, solid inner core, liquid outer core.

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3
Q

What are the layers of the earth from inside out?

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere, asthenosphere, crust.

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4
Q

The inner planets that are similar to the earth are called what?

A

Terrestrial.

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5
Q

How did the planets form?

A

From the same cloud of dust and gas that formed the sun, called the nebula.

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6
Q

How did we get oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

The evolution of the earliest plants, the algae, which are photosynthetic.

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7
Q

What are the negatively charged particles in an atom called?

A

Electrons.

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8
Q

What is covalent bonding

A

When two elements share an electron.

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9
Q

Why are diamonds so strong? what makes it the hardest substance in the world?

A

Because of it’s covalent bonding.

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10
Q

What are the two most abundant elements in the crust of the earth?

A

Oxygen and Silicone

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11
Q

What is the name of the hardest known mineral?

A

Diamond

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12
Q

What is the name of the minerals that contain silicone and oxygen?

A

Silicates

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13
Q

Why are the ferromagnesium silicate minerals both dark and dense?

A

They contain iron and magnesium, which are both dark and dense.

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14
Q

what does the term crystalline mean in minerals?

A

Internal Arrangement of atoms.

The relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed.

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15
Q

What is the name of the mineralogist that invented the scale of hardness?

A

Frederick Mohs.

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16
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to break along smooth planes parallel to zones of weak bonding.

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17
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons, like carbon.

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18
Q

What is the nucleus of an atom made of?

A

Protons and neutrons.

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19
Q

What is a rock?

A

A rock is a naturally formed solid made mostly out of minerals.

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20
Q

What are the three different types of rocks

A

Sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous

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21
Q

What’s the difference between lava and magma?

A

Magma is composed of molten rock and is stored in the Earth’s crust. Lava is magma that reaches the surface of our planet through a volcano vent.

22
Q

What are the different types of magma?

A

Felsic, Mafic and intermediate.

23
Q

What is obsidian?

A

Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock. It is produced when felsic lava extrudes from a volcano and cools rapidly, with minimal crystal growth.

24
Q

What is the correct order of crystallization?

A

Bowen’s reaction series. Minerals that crystalize at the highest temperature to lower temperature. Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, muscovite, potassium feldspar, and quartz.

25
Q

What’s another word for volcanic igneous rocks aka extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Extrusive, which are fast cooling

26
Q

Platonic or? igneous rocks

A

Intrusive

27
Q

What is a porphyritic igneous rock?

A

Two distinct grain sizes, rise or small which indicates two rates of cooling, slow and fast.

28
Q

What kind of a rock is obsidian

A

Igneous, volcanic glass, which means it cooled fast, so fast that crystals didn’t even form.

29
Q

What kind of a volcano is Mt St Helen’s?

A

Composite or stratovolcano.

30
Q

Where are most composite-stratovolcano located today?

A

The ring of fire

31
Q

What is a sleeping or dormant volcano?

A

It’s dormant, it looks like a volcano but there hasn’t been any eruption either ever or in 10,000 years

32
Q

What is a caldera?

A

a collapsed super volcano.

33
Q

What is a lahar?

A

Lahars are mudflow created from melting glaciers and ash from volcanic eruptions.

34
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

A cloud of ash comes out of the volcano and rolls down the slope.

35
Q

How much ash could be deposited in New York if Yellowstone’s super volcano erupted?

A

1-3 millimeters.

36
Q

What is the name of the dominate mineral in limestone?

A

Calcium carbonate.

37
Q

What type of rock is coal?

A

Organic rock created from prehistoric vegetation.

38
Q

What is a common mineral in an evaporate rock?

A

Gypsum or halite.

39
Q

What is coal made out of?

A

Fossilized plant remains.

40
Q

What controls the size of crystals that form igneous rock?

A

The rate of cooling.

41
Q

What is foliation?

A

The parallel alignment of flat minerals perpendicular to the maximum direction of stress.

42
Q

What is contact metamorphism and what is regional metamorphism?

A

Contact means rocks in contact with hot magma, only involves heat. regional means collisions of continents. Like collisions that formed Pangea.. Regional involves pressure.

43
Q

What is sorting? (sedimentary rocks)

A

Group them by the size of the partials.

44
Q

Which one is the world’s most active volcano?

A

Kilauea.

45
Q

How many active volcanoes are there in the world today?

A

1500.

46
Q

What is a spatter cone?

A

It is a lava cone, where the lava is very viscous and felsic so it doesn’t flow, it spatters.

47
Q

What kind of volcanic activity is Hawaii?

A

Hawaii is primarily shield volcanoes, which are a result of hot spot volcanism.

48
Q

What is a plynian eruption?

A

A kind of eruption that is very explosive the expels a very high column of pyroclastic ash in the air.

49
Q

When did Toba erupt in Indonesia?

A

It almost caused the extinction of humans 74,000 years ago.

50
Q

What was the Vei classification of Toba?

A

It was vei 8. this has a significant impact on climate for the next several years.

51
Q

Do we have volcanoes on the western coast of ? how did they form? what kind of geological setting/ volcanic activity produces the volcanoes in the western part of north america?

A

its subduction volcanism, hot spot volcanism and rifting. Collsion, subduction plate boundary. Composite volcanoes that are the result of subduction, hot spot and rifting.

52
Q

The outer planets that are gassy are called what?

A

Jovian.

Geology 101 (6 decks)

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