Exam 1 Flashcards
True or False
A side effect has to be negative
FALSE, it is any effect that is other than the therapeutic effect
Agonists are
Drugs that produce an action
Ex. Morphine
Antagonist are
Drugs that prohibit an effect
Ex. Beta blockers
What is competitive antagonism
When both the agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together
What is the antagonists for drug overdose of heroin?
Naloxone
It reverses toxicity
What determines the strength of a drug action
Dose and frequency
What is the ceiling effect
Maximal response 100% is eventually reached of the drug response
ED50 is
Dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response
USED TO COMPARE POTENCY OF DRUGS
1906 Pure food and drug act
First attempt to protect consumers
Minimal standards of strength, purity, and quality
Made ppl label container if drug is dangerous
Made it officially USP/NF**
1951 FD&C Durham Humphrey amendment
You need a prescription from a licensed practitioner
1958 Food additive amendment
Approval of new food additives was required and safety determined before they could be marketed
1960 thalidomide
Birth defects, was used as a sleep aid and to treat morning sickness
1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevents and control act
Controlled substances act
Regulate the dispensing of drugs that could be used for abuse
5 different schedules
Schedule 1 drugs
HIGH abuse potential, no accepted medical use
Ex. Heroin, LSD, marijuana
Schedule 2 drugs
High abuse potential but accepted medical use
What is an ex of a schedule 2 drug
Vicodin, cocaine, dilaudid, Demerol, oxycodone
Schedule 3 drugs
Moderate abuse potential accepted medical use
Ex of schedule 3 drugs
Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, steroids
Schedule 4 drugs
Low abuse potential and medical use
Xanax, soma, Valium
Schedule 5 drugs
Limited abuse potential
Ex. Robitussin AC, lomotil, motormen
1994 dietary supps health education act
FDA is suppose to take action against unsafe dietary supps
1996 food quality protection act
Pesticide tolerance levels
FDA is responsible for
Food labeling, nutrition,supps, pharmaceuticals
DEA does
Controlled substances only
USDA is in charge of
Food distribution and school lunch program
EPA is in charge of
Agricultural and industrial chemicals, water
CPSC is in charge of
Recalls unsafe consumer products
OSHA
Workplace chemical exposure
What is LD50
Lethal dose 50 that will kill 50% of animals tested
TI is
Therapeutic index, it is LD50/ED50
NOAEL is
Highest dose without any adverse effect
LOAEL is
Lowest dose found by experiment which produces adverse effect
Pregnancy check slide
20
Diethylstilbestrol had what effect
Aka synthetic estrogen
Vaginal tumors and genital malformations in offspring
Lithium causes
Cardiac defects
Retinoic acid causes
Craniofacial, cardiac and CNS defects
Detection of liver damage we use
AST and ALT if it is elevated
Bilirubin elevated
Albumin is decreased
What in the bloodwork indicates kidney damage
BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen is increased
What tests are used to detect lung damage
NO biochemical tests
FEV: forced expiratory volume is a test used
When is the fetus most susceptible to teratogenesis
Organogenesis during 18-55 days
What is Clastogenesis
Chromosomal damage
Aneugenesis is
Acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes
Pharmaceutical phase is
Disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form.
Affected by form of the drug and route of administration
Pharmacokinetic phase is
What the body does to the drug
ADME
A. Absorption
D. Distribution
M. Metabolism
E. Excretion
Example of acid drugs
Aspirin, mostly unionized when in acidic fluid
Example of basic drugs
Streptomycin or morphine. Mostly unionized when in alkaline fluid
Small intestine
In the GI tract how are drugs normally absorbed
Passive diffusion
Drugs absorb in the lungs via
Passive diffusion
What percent of oral meds reach the blood
20-40%
What types of drugs can exert a pharmacological effect
ONLY UNBOUND (FREE)
What do we need to metabolism
Cytochrome P450
Aka DMMS
Lipid soluble drugs are repeatedly
Reabsorbed into the blood
Most drugs are inactivated aka
Excreted
A few drugs remain pharmacologically active metabolites aka
Return to circulation
What is first pass metabolism
After oral administration drugs are absorbed into the portal circulation. Results in less bioavailability in general circulation
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors due
Avoid high tyramine foods
MAOIs
St. John’s Wort does
Increase CVP ezymes
Do not take if on any type of meds or supps
Avoid high tyramine foods
Supplements that can interfere with CYP enzymes
Should not be give to patients may cause toxicity or life threatening reactions
Statins can deplete what nutrient
CoQ10
Bitter almonds can have high levels of
Cyanide
Garlic can have high
Organophosphates, and arsenic
