Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

A side effect has to be negative

A

FALSE, it is any effect that is other than the therapeutic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Agonists are

A

Drugs that produce an action

Ex. Morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antagonist are

A

Drugs that prohibit an effect

Ex. Beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is competitive antagonism

A

When both the agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the antagonists for drug overdose of heroin?

A

Naloxone

It reverses toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What determines the strength of a drug action

A

Dose and frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ceiling effect

A

Maximal response 100% is eventually reached of the drug response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ED50 is

A

Dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response

USED TO COMPARE POTENCY OF DRUGS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1906 Pure food and drug act

A

First attempt to protect consumers

Minimal standards of strength, purity, and quality

Made ppl label container if drug is dangerous

Made it officially USP/NF**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1951 FD&C Durham Humphrey amendment

A

You need a prescription from a licensed practitioner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1958 Food additive amendment

A

Approval of new food additives was required and safety determined before they could be marketed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1960 thalidomide

A

Birth defects, was used as a sleep aid and to treat morning sickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevents and control act

A

Controlled substances act

Regulate the dispensing of drugs that could be used for abuse

5 different schedules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Schedule 1 drugs

A

HIGH abuse potential, no accepted medical use

Ex. Heroin, LSD, marijuana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Schedule 2 drugs

A

High abuse potential but accepted medical use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an ex of a schedule 2 drug

A

Vicodin, cocaine, dilaudid, Demerol, oxycodone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Schedule 3 drugs

A

Moderate abuse potential accepted medical use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ex of schedule 3 drugs

A

Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Schedule 4 drugs

A

Low abuse potential and medical use

Xanax, soma, Valium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Schedule 5 drugs

A

Limited abuse potential

Ex. Robitussin AC, lomotil, motormen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

1994 dietary supps health education act

A

FDA is suppose to take action against unsafe dietary supps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1996 food quality protection act

A

Pesticide tolerance levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FDA is responsible for

A

Food labeling, nutrition,supps, pharmaceuticals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DEA does

A

Controlled substances only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

USDA is in charge of

A

Food distribution and school lunch program

26
Q

EPA is in charge of

A

Agricultural and industrial chemicals, water

27
Q

CPSC is in charge of

A

Recalls unsafe consumer products

28
Q

OSHA

A

Workplace chemical exposure

29
Q

What is LD50

A

Lethal dose 50 that will kill 50% of animals tested

30
Q

TI is

A

Therapeutic index, it is LD50/ED50

31
Q

NOAEL is

A

Highest dose without any adverse effect

32
Q

LOAEL is

A

Lowest dose found by experiment which produces adverse effect

33
Q

Pregnancy check slide

A

20

34
Q

Diethylstilbestrol had what effect

Aka synthetic estrogen

A

Vaginal tumors and genital malformations in offspring

35
Q

Lithium causes

A

Cardiac defects

36
Q

Retinoic acid causes

A

Craniofacial, cardiac and CNS defects

37
Q

Detection of liver damage we use

A

AST and ALT if it is elevated

Bilirubin elevated

Albumin is decreased

38
Q

What in the bloodwork indicates kidney damage

A

BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen is increased

39
Q

What tests are used to detect lung damage

A

NO biochemical tests

FEV: forced expiratory volume is a test used

40
Q

When is the fetus most susceptible to teratogenesis

A

Organogenesis during 18-55 days

41
Q

What is Clastogenesis

A

Chromosomal damage

42
Q

Aneugenesis is

A

Acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

43
Q

Pharmaceutical phase is

A

Disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form.

Affected by form of the drug and route of administration

44
Q

Pharmacokinetic phase is

A

What the body does to the drug

ADME

A. Absorption
D. Distribution
M. Metabolism
E. Excretion

45
Q

Example of acid drugs

A

Aspirin, mostly unionized when in acidic fluid

46
Q

Example of basic drugs

A

Streptomycin or morphine. Mostly unionized when in alkaline fluid

Small intestine

47
Q

In the GI tract how are drugs normally absorbed

A

Passive diffusion

48
Q

Drugs absorb in the lungs via

A

Passive diffusion

49
Q

What percent of oral meds reach the blood

A

20-40%

50
Q

What types of drugs can exert a pharmacological effect

A

ONLY UNBOUND (FREE)

51
Q

What do we need to metabolism

A

Cytochrome P450

Aka DMMS

52
Q

Lipid soluble drugs are repeatedly

A

Reabsorbed into the blood

53
Q

Most drugs are inactivated aka

A

Excreted

54
Q

A few drugs remain pharmacologically active metabolites aka

A

Return to circulation

55
Q

What is first pass metabolism

A

After oral administration drugs are absorbed into the portal circulation. Results in less bioavailability in general circulation

56
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors due

A

Avoid high tyramine foods

MAOIs

57
Q

St. John’s Wort does

A

Increase CVP ezymes

Do not take if on any type of meds or supps

Avoid high tyramine foods

58
Q

Supplements that can interfere with CYP enzymes

A

Should not be give to patients may cause toxicity or life threatening reactions

59
Q

Statins can deplete what nutrient

A

CoQ10

60
Q

Bitter almonds can have high levels of

A

Cyanide

61
Q

Garlic can have high

A

Organophosphates, and arsenic

Toxicology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions