Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT 711-Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

fibroblasts

A
  • in tendon, ligament, skin, bone

- creates mostly type I collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chondroblasts

A
  • in cartilage

- produces mostly type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • found in bone

- produces type I collagen and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what forms periarticular connective tissues:

A
  1. fibrous proteins: collagen, elastin
  2. ground substance: glycosaminoglycans (GAG), water, solutes
  3. cells: fibroblasts, chondrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

difference between collagen and elastin?

A

Collagen triple helix

Elastin: net like, no helix, has more give than collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type I collagen

A
  • thick fibers that elongate little when stretched

- comprise ligaments, tendons, fascia, fibrous joint capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type II collagen

A
  • thinner fibers
  • framework for maintaining general shape and consistency of structures
  • hyaline cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dense connective tissues

A
  • abundant type I collagen
  • limited blood supply
  • low PG’s/Elastin/cells so low metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

acute trauma happens mostly to which joints?

A

-joints with longest bones since they form longest external moment arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chronic trauma

A
  • overuse, damage over time
  • instability = abnormal loading
  • loss of proteins, GAG, water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

joint pathology from aging

A
  • protein/PG replacement slows
  • dissicated ligaments/cartilage don’t slide as well
  • tendons become less stiff and can’t produce muscle force
  • weaker bones (reduced cell differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to regenerate tendon/ligament

A

-cell: fibroblast
-Stimulus: tension along lines of stress
EX: ext knee for MCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how to regenerate cartilage

A

cell: chondrocyte
Stimulus: load/unload along with gliding
EX:bike for patellofemoral irriation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how to regenerate muscle

A

cell: myocyte
Stimulus: tension to cause disruption of myofibrils
EX: take it to the point of microtearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how to regenerate bone

A

cell: osteocyte
Stimulus: compression or tension
EX: with rod through bone for fracture, walk on it; compression stimulates new bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

enthesis organ

A
  • reduces tensile load on insertion
  • confers a mechanical advantage on muscle-tendon unit
  • different tissues with different Youn’s moduli gliding along each other cause inappropriate cell stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mechanotransduction

A

: how mechanical forces cause protein expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bone has what type of collagen?

A

type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cartilage has what type of collagen?

A

type II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tissue type of joint capsules

A
  • dense irregular

- stretched in all directions so striations not in same direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tissue type of tendon/ligament

A

dense regular

-striate in uniform direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

loose connective tissue

A

does not have as much collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

collagen is a ___

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Scleraxis Protein

A
  • leads to new tendon building blocks
  • turned on by amount of load (in its line of stress)
  • imperfect restoration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tissue make up effected by:

A
  • activity
  • inactivity
  • age
  • trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

example of a planar joint

A
  • facet joints in vertebral columm

- carpals (hamate and triquetrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

example of a hinge joint

A

humeroulnar joint at elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

example of pivot joint

A

atlas on dens of axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

example of a saddle joint

A

thumb carpal to metacarpal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

example of a condyloid joint

A

carpal MCP joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

diarthrodial joints

A
  • synovial joints
  • freely moveable
  • joint cavity separates bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Layers of synovial joint (superficial to deep)

A
  1. ligament
  2. joint capsule
  3. fat pad
  4. synovial membrane
  5. articular cartilage
  6. synovial fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

location of nerves in a synovial joint:

A
  • bone
  • articular cartilage
  • in outer layer of joint capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

thickness of articular cartilage

A

1-7 mm

-thicker at weight bearing joints; thickest at the hip

35
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • to disperse loads
  • doesn’t have pericondrium so it is harder to heal
  • avascular and aneural (may have some sensory nerves but mostly no pain until cartilage breaks down)
36
Q

difference of cells in the superficial zone of articular cartilage?

A
  • more cells (chondrocytes)
  • smaller
  • closer together
37
Q

tide mark in articular cartilage

A

on top of the calcified zone

-

38
Q

nutrition above and below the tidemark

A

above: synovial fluid
below: vascular supply

39
Q

what is the first line of defense against loads

A

articular cartilage

40
Q

articular carilage extracellular matrix

A
  • fibrillar (protein: collagen (70% of dry weight), elastin)

- interfibrillar (ground substance: PGs)

41
Q

GAG is mechanism for maintaining articular cartilage__

A

hydration

-water attaches to it

42
Q

___ is better at resisting shearing

43
Q

more water then ____ premeability

A

greater

-the less it will resist the compressive force

44
Q

as GAG contact increases then…

A

creep stiffness increases

45
Q

stiffness in shear is directly proportional to__

A

amount of collagen

46
Q

relationship of the axis and plane of motion

A

axis is perpendicular to the plane of motion

47
Q

close packed

A
  • good congruency
  • taut ligaments
  • increased stability
  • little accessory motion
48
Q

loose packed

A
  • decreased congruency
  • loose ligaments
  • max accessory motion
49
Q

position you do mobilizations

A

loose packed

50
Q

joint position you test in

A

loose packed

51
Q

creep is a phenomenon of_____

A

viscoelasticity

52
Q

slope of the stress/strain curve =

53
Q

young’s modulus

A

: measure of stiffness of a solid material

54
Q

toe region is caused by

A

the uncrimping of collagen

55
Q

the solid phase of articular cartilage resists…

56
Q

optimal stimulus for articular cartilage

A

load/unload with gliding

57
Q

an osteoarthritic joint is ____ stiff

58
Q

creep

A
  • constant load (stress)
  • deformation over time (strain)
  • may not be permanent
59
Q

stress relaxation

A
  • constant position (strain)

- change in stress over time

60
Q

moment arm

A

perpendicular distance from axis to line of pull of force

61
Q

moment arm is 0 if:

A
  1. the force pierces the axis

2. the force parallels the axis

62
Q

first class lever

A

EF
Axis
IF
-neck extensors

63
Q

second class lever system

A 
axis
EF
IF
-gastrocnemius
-less muscle force required
-less motion of the bone
-less speed
64
Q

third class

A 
axis 
IF
EF
-bicep brachii
-greater muscle force required
-more motion at distal end of bone
-higher speed
65
Q

mechanical advantage of 2nd class lever systems

A

greater than 1

66
Q

mechanical advantage of 3rd class lever systems

A

less than one

67
Q

synarthroses

A

reinforced by fibrous and cartilaginous connective tissues

-permit slight to no movement

68
Q

diarthroses

A
  • possess a synovial fluid-filled cavity

- permit moderate to extensive movement

69
Q

joint capsule

A
  • external fibrous layer
  • nerve endings
  • internal/synovial membrane
70
Q

cell membrane

A

-secretes fluid

71
Q

capsule external layer

A
  • attaches to periosteum, then bone via sharpey’s fibers
  • richly innervated
  • joint receptors
72
Q

ligaments

A

-thickening of capsule or separate (extra-capsular)

73
Q

internal joint capsule

A

-synovial membrane

3-10 cell layers thick

74
Q

differentiation of connective tissue comes from

A

mesenchymal cells

75
Q

connective tissue

A
  • large varience

- dependent on function

76
Q

dense connective tissue

A
  • few cells
  • low proteoglycans and elastin
  • type I collagen
  • limited blood supply
77
Q

purpose of carbohydrates in GAG

A

to attract water

78
Q

what happens to collagen leaves with degeneration?

A

they start to separate

79
Q

purpose of type II collagen

A

provide a framework for maintaining shape and consistency of the structure

80
Q

phase 1 protects against

A

compression by water leaving

81
Q

phase 2 protects against

A

tension by collagen

82
Q

hoop stresses

A
  • tension forces generated from compressive forces

- hoop stresses keep articular cartilage contained during compression

83
Q

what is most predictable of crack formation?

A

shearing forces

PT 711-Kinesiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions