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SI BIO 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Which of the following cells would likely express the genes that code for glycolysis enzymes?
•  nerve cell
•  white blood cell
•  pancreas cell
•  all of these cells
•  none of these cells
A

all of these

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2
Q

In DNA, what does A pair with? In RNA?

A

T; U

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3
Q

What does G pair with?

A

C

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4
Q

What type of bond holds the base pairs together?

A

Hydrogen

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5
Q 
An organism’s genetic information is stored within the sequence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This
information is transcribed into
a sequence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,
which are then translated into a sequence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A.  DNA bases; amino acids; RNA bases 
B.  RNA bases; DNA bases; amino acids 
C.  amino acids; DNA bases; RNA bases 
D.  DNA bases; RNA bases; amino acids
A

d

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6
Q

The conversion from the nucleic acid language to the protein language is called

A

Translation

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7
Q

The genetic code is (3 things)

A

• redundant, with more than one codon for some
amino acids,
• unambiguous, in that any codon for one amino acid does not code for any other amino acid, and
• nearly universal, in that the genetic code is shared by organisms from the simplest bacteria to the most complex plants and animals.

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8
Q

3 main steps of transcription of a gene

A
  1. initiation, involving the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter and the start of RNA synthesis,
  2. elongation, as the newly formed RNA strand grows, and
  3. termination, when RNA polymerase reaches the terminator DNA and the polymerase molecule detaches from the newly made RNA strand and the gene.
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9
Q

True or False:

Introns are noncoding DNA sequences

A

True; thus exons are coding

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10
Q

Where is cap added

A

5’

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11
Q

Where is tail added

A

3’

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12
Q

What do cap and tail do?

A

protects mRNA and helps ribosomes

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13
Q

Three components of a nucleotide

A

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

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14
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA (4)

A

RNA:

  1. Single strand
  2. Sugar is ribose
  3. uracil instead of thymine
  4. Less stable
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15
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA:
tRNA:
rRNA:

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16
Q

The ________ tells RNA polymerase where to begin

A

promoter

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17
Q

________ is the making of RNA

A

Elongation

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18
Q

The ___________ tells RNA polymerase where to stop transcribing

A

terminator

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19
Q

How many nucleotides codes for 1 amino acid?

A

3

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20
Q

Where is the anti codon

A

on the end of tRNA

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21
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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22
Q

what ends elongation

A

termination

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23
Q

stop codon (name one of the three)

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

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24
Q

True or False:

Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism’s fitness.

A

f

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25
Q 
Which one of the following can create new alleles? 
A. natural selection
B. sexual reproduction
C. mutation
D. genetic drift
A

c

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26
Q

Natural selection can be defined as ______.
A. the evolution of a population of organisms
B. a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution
C. the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment
D. a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce than individuals with other traits

A

d

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27
Q 
Genetic drift is the result of \_\_\_\_\_\_. 
A. natural selection
B. chance
C. a large genepool
D. environmental variation
A

b

28
Q

A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month’s supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug?
A. She should save the drug for later, because if she keeps taking it the bacteria will evolve
resistance.
B. She should save the drug for use the next time the illness strikes.
C. She should save the drug because antibiotics are in short supply and she may need it to
defend herself against a bioterrorism incident.
D. She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate
the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.

A

d

29
Q

Ferns require moisture to reproduce. What will happen to a fern population during a prolonged period of drought?
A. To save the species, some of the ferns will acquire the ability to reproduce without water.
B. Thefernswillstartsympatricspeciation.
C. If none of the ferns already have the ability to reproduce without water, the ferns might go extinct.
D. None of the above.

A

c

30
Q 
Which of the following is not a requirement of natural selection?
A. differential reproductive success
B. overproduction of offspring
C. genetic variation
D. catastrophic events
A

d

31
Q

True or False:

RNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine instead of uracil, which is only found in DNA

A

f

32
Q

True or False:
In a molecule of DNA the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine.

A

f

33
Q 
If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, then the corresponding strand would be 
A. GCCTAG.
B. GCCAUC.
C. TAACGT.
D. GCCATG.

(HINT: Corresponding strand = DNA)

A

d

34
Q

In the genetic code,
A some codons specify more than one amino acid.
B some codons consist of two nucleotides.
C some amino acids are not specified by any codons.
D many amino acids are specified by more than one codon

A

d

35
Q

We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence that include a stop codon at the end (as part of the 15-nucleotide sequence) will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of

A two amino acids.
B three amino acids.
C four amino acids.
D five amino acids.

A

c

36
Q

Examine the following two DNA sequences.
Sequence 1: ATGCGATGCTAGCAT
Sequence 2: ATGCGATGATAGCAT

If both of these sequences code for proteins, how might the function of protein 2 differ from the
function of protein 1? Use the genetic code table from the previous question for assistance.

a) Protein 1 and protein 2 will function exactly the same.
b) Protein 1 will be shorter than protein 2, so they will not function the same.
c) Protein 2 will be shorter than protein 1, so they will not function the same.
d) Protein 2 has a different sequence, so it will function differently from protein 1.

A

a

37
Q

True or False:

Organisms have the ability to take in energy and use it.

A

t

38
Q

True or False:

Individuals evolve within the span of their own lifetimes.

A

f

39
Q

True or False:

ATP synthase is found in all kingdoms of life.

A

t

40
Q

True or False:

Monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.

A

f

41
Q

True or False:

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

A

t

42
Q

The proteins embedded in the membranes are essential to their function. These membrane proteins have properties that allow them to “float” in the membrane. Which of the following statements describes those properties?
a. The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly
hydrophobic.
b. The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly
hydrophillic.
c. The surface region exposed to the outer environment is hydrophobic. d. The surface region exposed to the interior environment is hydrophobic.

A

a

43
Q

The hydrogen atoms of a water molecule are bonded to the oxygen atom by ________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ________ bonds.

a. hydrogen; polar covalent
b. polar covalent; hydrogen
c. ionic; covalent
d. polar covalent; ionic

A

b

44
Q

The sodium concentration in a cell is 10 times less than the concentration in the surrounding fluid. How can the cell move sodium out of the cell?

a. passive transport
b. receptor-mediated endocytosis
c. active transport
d. facilitated diffusion

A

c

45
Q

You notice that over the past month, many students on campus have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This is an example of

a. an experimental question.
b. a type of observation.
c. a hypothesis.
d. an experiment.

A

c

46
Q

In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads

a. are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the
b. are hydrophilic and face inward, shielded from water.
c. are hydrophobic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the
membrane.
d. are hydrophobic and face inward, shielded from water.

A

a

47
Q

True or False:

The gene pool is all of the animals and plants in a certain population

A

False

48
Q

True or False:

Natural selection works on variation already present in a population

A

true

49
Q

True or False:

Organisms evolve structures they need

A

false

50
Q

________________ is a directive process, while ________________ is a random

process. Both are considered _____________ processes.
a. Natural selection, sexual selection, evolutionary
b. Genetic drift, natural selection, selective
c. Natural selection, genetic drift, evolutionary
d. None of the above

A

c

51
Q

Microevolution refers to genetic changes in which of the following?

a. Classes
b. Populations of organisms
c. Kingdoms
d. Genera

A

b

52
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

No

53
Q 
What does (evolutionary) fitness measure?
A. physical health
B. longevity
C. relative reproductive success
D. population size
A

c

54
Q

Select the most correct statement about mutations.
A. Mutations are deleterious to the mutant individual.
B. Mutations arise due to need in individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment.
C. Mutations arise by chance due to random changes in nucleotide sequences.
D. Mutations arise due to natural selection
E. Mutations are beneficial to the mutant individual.

A

c

55
Q

Some butterflies can ingest toxic chemicals from the milkweed plants they feed on and then can store those chemicals in their body. Because toxins stored in the butterflies are toxic to birds, the birds avoid eating the butterflies. Which of the following is the best explanation for this situation?

A. Butterflies that stored the chemicals were never eaten by predators, so those butterflies survived.
B. Butterflies developed a mutation that led them to be able to store the chemical because they needed to avoid being eaten.
C. Milkweed plants wanted the butterflies to ingest the chemical so they would no longer feed on the plant, but the butterflies fooled the milkweed by storing the toxic chemicals.
D. Any butterfly allele that allowed milkweed toxin storage would be likely to persist because butterflies that had it were more likely to survive.

A

d

56
Q

What five mechanisms can drive changes in frequencies of genetic traits in a population? (Write 3 out of the 5)

A
  • Genetic drift
  • Natural selection
  • Migration (gene flow)
  • Mutation
  • Non-random mating
57
Q 
Mutations are...
A. Good
B. Common
C. Bad
D. Random
A

d

58
Q

Is having sharp spines an adaptation?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Depends, sometimes it is

A

C

59
Q

Is surviving to adulthood an adaptation?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes

A

A

60
Q

Is having many offspring an adaptation?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes

A

C

61
Q

_______ is reproductive success relative to the rest of the population

A

Fitness (evolutionary fitness)

62
Q

Needed for natural selection (2 things)

A
  1. Individual within a population have some heritable variation
  2. Some variants have to have more offspring: more successful in surviving or reproducing and pass favorable traits to offspring
63
Q

An ant population eats only one type of fungus. A severe drought wipes out all of this fungus in the ant’s habitat. What is the likely outcome for the population?

A. A mutation will arise that will allow the ants to eat other types of food
B. Because they need to change their food source some an individuals will adapt to digest other types of food
C. This ant population will die off
D. Enough variation exists within the ant population to allow it to adapt to any environmental challenge

A

C (Mutation can’t arise in a directed way)

64
Q

Is it possible to test if a population is evolving?

A

Yes

65
Q

What conditions would have to occur for a population not to be evolving?

A

No mutation, no gene flow, random mating, no genetic drift, no natural selection

66
Q

True or False:

Blond mice are less vulnerable to predation in mainland habits than in beach habitats.

A

f

67
Q

Which of the following statements is correct as the ultimate cause for Gulf Coast Beach mice having blond fur?
A. These mice had a gene mutation that produced a light pigment deposited in their fur.
B. Natural selection changed the genes resulting in blond fur.
C. In order to be camouflaged in the beach habitat a gene mutated to produce blond fur.
D. Blond beach mice are camouflaged and less vulnerable to predation in a beach
habitat.
E. Answers A and C.

A

d

SI BIO 100 (4 decks)

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