Exam 1 Flashcards
Toddlerhood spans approximately__________ years of age
1.5 – 2.5
Anticipatory set:
Ready, set…. (Wait for the child to say “go”)
On average, early intentional communication develops around ________________ of age.
8-10 months
Categorical Model: disadvantages
■ Causal link is hard to establish ■ Some children don’t fit ■ Skills differ among dx ■ Knowing label does not help plan intervention
At around ______________ the baby begins to demonstrate he/she knows he/she can influence other people’s behaviors.
9 months
Systems Model:
- Emphasizes child’s interaction with the environment.
- Modify the environment to allow child to function at most optimal level.
Define communication:
The act of using words, sounds, signs of behaviors to express or exchange information.
Joint attention develops at around what age?
9 Months
Multidisciplinary teams:(“many” disciplines)
Everyone does independent assessment, reports separately to parent/guardian.
Categorical Model: advantages
■ Access to services
■ Understandable & easy
■ Highlights differences
4 reasons why you would conduct an assessment:
- Identification: Screen to see if there is a problem
- Establish a baseline function
- Establish goals for intervention
- Measure change in intervention
What is a traditional assessment?
- conventional and norm-reference testing procedures.
- Decontextualized settings
- Narrow responses to standardized objects and procedures?
What is Tier 3 of the Rtl model?
Tertiary prevention = reduce harm
- Comprehensive evaluation
What is the “naturalist” perspective?
Impairment is characterized as a deviation from the average level of ability achieved by a similar group of people.
What is the pull-out method?
The child is being taken out of the natural environment in order to receive services
Two word phrases happens -
months
What is a “Vocabulary Burst”?
A period of rapid semantic growth at 18 months.
Give 3 examples of a Clinician Directed approach:
- Drill
- Drill Play
- Direct teaching
What is Maintenance?
To keep an immature system intact so that it is abel to reach it’s full development at a later stage.
What do we assess in emerging language?
- Play and gestures
- Communication/ language
- intent
- comprehension
- expression
Use the Hybrid Model of intervention:
When the child:
- Resistent to prompts
- Not motivated by social interactions
- Takes a long time to make decisions
D-D Model: advantages?
■ Complete detailed assessment
■ Cause is not important
■ Grounded in typical development
What is the push-in method?
The services are (planned to be) provided directly within naturally occurring situations for the child.
What assessment type uses the Test-Teach-Retest Method?
Dynamic Assessment
What is Tier 2 of the Rtl model?
Secondary prevention = reverse harm
- Progress monitoring
- Language Sample
What are you primarily assessing when you play with a child and say “Look, I found a ….” and pause while holding an object.
Expressive semantics
A child shows _______ communicative acts per minute by ____________.
5-7
24 months
What is an interdisciplinary team model?
- The child is assessed by several different specialists.
- The SLP compiles the reports and summarizes the findings when they meet with the child’s parents.
Three questions of assessment:
- Why are you assessing?
- What are you assessing?
- How are you going to assess?
Guiding question 2:
When did the problem begin, or has the child always had it? Was the onset sudden or gradual?
What is Behavior Regulation?
To request actions or objects.
When do we begin to see 2 word utterances?
18 months
What is the “normative” perspective?
Language disorders are diagnosed if it interferes with a child’s ability to meet societal expectations now or in the future.
With Interdisciplinary teams:
Everyone does an independent assessment, reports to the case coordinator who presents it to the parent.
The child is assessed by several different specialists. The SLP compiles the reports and summarizes the findings when they meet with the child’s parents. This is a _____________ team model.
Interdisciplinary
What is Elicited Production?
When we are tempting the child to say particular thing by setting up a context in which the target would would be an appropriate remark.
Expressive semantics:
“Look, I found a ….” and pause while holding an object. to get the child to say the word.
What are the service delivery models?
- Direct vs Indirect
2. Pull-out vs. Push in
When a child can demonstrate more skill when provided support, this is considered the:
Zone of Proximal Development
- Observing the child’s behavior
- Making comments and modeling based on what the child does
- No pre-planned structure
Child centered intervention
What is Social Interaction?
To maintain a social channel
Which method of changing behavior is used when we perceive that a behavior would decrease or disappear without intervention?
Maintenance
Transdisciplinary (“cross” disciplines)
There may be come overlap in terms of what each person is doing.
Why are standardized tests difficult to use with culturally and linguistically diverse children?
- Norming sample may not be representative.
2. Stimuli may discriminate
Guiding question #4
How does the social environment interact with the child’s problem?
Syntax, morphology, and phonology all fall under what aspect of language?
Form
What is Structural Analysis?
Trying to make sense of the communication the child produces spontaneously to find out what structures, forms, and functions a child uses and what contexts influence their use.
When the child:
- Resistent to prompts
- Not motivated by social interactions
- Takes a long time to make decisions
Use the Hybrid Model of intervention:
3 steps in planning an assessment
- Figure out age expectations
- Determine areas to assess
- Have a reason
Behavior Observation is when:
You record the frequency and the context in the which the child communicates.
What are 4 communication skills you can develop in prelinguistic babies?
- Joint Attention
- Imitation
- Turn-Taking
- Anticipatory Set
Cody was born deaf. He gets implants. What type of intervention does this reflect?
Changing the underlying problem.
Once a week, you go to the client’s daycare and meet with the daycare provider to review how the provider will work with the client. What model of service is this?
Indirect, push-in. Consultative.
When a child calls all animals “cats” which domain of language is affected?
Semantics
Cognitive referencing is no longer valid. Use __________ as a benchmark.
Chronological Age
What areas do you assess in Intervention?
- Communication
- Language
- Comprehension
- Production - Collateral areas
- hearing, oral motor functioning and structure, nonverbal cognition, social functioning
What are the 3 ways of changing language behavior?
- Facilitation
- Maintenance
- Induction
Give 2 examples of a Child centered approach:
- Daily activities
2. Facilitative play
How do we assess production?
- Elicited Imitation
- Elicited Production
- Structural Analysis
What is the categorical model?
Assumes the causal relationship between diagnosis and language.
Ex: your some has autism, that’s why he communicates that way.
What are we looking for in a Dynamic Assessment?
- How the child approaches tasks
- The degree to which the child’s behavior is modifiable through intervention
- The best intervention style to promote change
What is Joint Attention?
to share attention to something interesting
What purpose of intervention would be achieved when you teach sign language to a child with low intelligibility?
Teaching compensatory strategy
Child centered intervention
- Observing the child’s behavior
- Making comments and modeling based on what the child does
- No pre-planned structure
Explain: Zone of Proximal Development
Child can demonstrate more skill when provided support.
How do we assess pragmatics?
Informal assessments, play
When is a Descriptive-Developmental model appropriate?
- When the child is not progressing at the expected rate for their age group.
Guiding question for planning #1:
- What is the problem in medical terms?
Guiding question 3:
Does the problem vary in severity, getting worse at sometimes while with some people and better with others, or is it always about the same?
Give 2 examples of a Hybrid approach:
- Milieu teaching
2. Scripting
What is Elicited Imitation?
When we ask the child to repeat what we say.
What are Behavioral Observations?
When you are concerned with describing a particular performance in a particular area.
A child learns 9 new words a day
after 15-18 months
What is Induction?
Means, without intervention, the outcome will not be achieved.
What are the 5 domains of language
- Pragmatics
- Semantics
- Syntax
- Morphology
- Phonology
You are observing a toddler’s communicative functions. What are you going to describe?
- What function he uses
- How frequently he uses
- And the forms of communication
Function, Frequency, and Form
What is Tier 1 of the Rtl model?
- Primary Prevention: Prevent harm
- Screening, Formal & informal
D-D Model: disadvantages?
■ Assessment can be time consuming
■ Labels may be needed for services
Why is it difficult to assess language comprehension?
Comprehension is not directly observable.
What is Facilitation?
Accelerated growth or learning. It helps children to achieve milestones sooner, but does not necessarily mean they achieve higher levels of language function.
What are the 3 aspects of language?
- Form
- Content
- Use
How do we assess emerging language?
- interview
- Formal instruments
- Informal instruments (play)
What are the 5 domains of language
- Pragmatics
- Semantics
- Syntax
- Morphology
- Phonology
What type of assessment do you use to identify a disorder?
Standardized Assessment
What assessment method are you using when you record the frequency and context with which a child communicates?
Behavioral Observation
From ____________, babies primarily use gestures and vocalizations
9-15 months
What is the most important aspect of Behavioral Observation?
Carefully defining the behavior or behaviors you want to observe.
What are the goals of Intervention?
- To Eliminate or change the underlying problem
- To change the disorder by teaching specific behaviors.
- Teaching compensatory strategies, helping them function better with the deficits they have.
The 3 reasons babies communicate:
- Behavior Regulation
- Social Interaction
- Joint Attention
What does IFSP stand for?
Individual Family Service Plan
