Exam 1

Question 1

Nucleotides

Answer 1

have 5 carbon carbohydrate, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

permanent form: AGCT, antiparallel, in DNA replication/transcription

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

temporary info storage, AGCU, transcription/translation

Question 4

DNA double helix

Answer 4

sugar-phosphate backbone coild around outside of helix: nitrogenous bases point inwards (AT: 2 hydrogen bonds, GC: 3 H bonds)

Question 5

Eukaryotes

Answer 5

DNA wraps around histones, packed into coil, linear chromosomes, mitosis

Question 6

Prokaryotes

Answer 6

no histones, circular chromosomes, single cell division

Question 7

Energy for DNA synthesis

Answer 7

comes from breaking of phosphate bonds

Question 8

Helicase

Answer 8

unwinds DNA in DNA replication

Question 9

Topoisomerase

Answer 9

nicks DNA as is untwisted (relieves twisting forces, will be repaired) in DNA replication

Question 10

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins

Answer 10

prevents two strands from snapping shut in DNA replication

Question 11

Primase

Answer 11

makes RNA primer

which will be eventually degraded) in DNA replication (DNA needs base

Question 12

DNA Polymerase

Answer 12

synthesizes DNA, works in 5’ –> 3 ‘ direction ONLY

Question 13

Okazaki fragments

Answer 13

segments of RNA made on lagging strand in DNA replication

Question 14

Telomeres/Telomerase

Answer 14

caps overhanging DNA strands/catalyzes additions of lost sequence

Question 15

Haploid

Answer 15

1 copy of every set of chromosomes (Gametes in humans)

Question 16

Diploid

Answer 16

2 copies of every set of chromosomes (most human cells are diploid; 23 pairs)

Question 17

Polypoid

Answer 17

3 or more copies of every set of chromosomes

Question 18

Genes

Answer 18

segments of DNA that provide instructions for proteins/RNA molecules: rest of “non-coding” segments = key role in expression

Question 19

Exons

Answer 19

segments of gene that get expressed to make final product

Question 20

Introns

Answer 20

intervening segments that are spliced out in pre-mRNA phase

Question 21

Allele

Answer 21

each copy of the 2 copies of every gene on autosome (not sex chromosome)

Question 22

Homozygous Allele

Answer 22

two alleles are identical (AA)

Question 23

Heterozygous Allele

Answer 23

any extent of difference (Aa)

Question 24

Genotype

Answer 24

genetic make-up

Question 25

Phenotype

Answer 25

physical expression of genetic make-up

Question 26

Transcription

Answer 26

DNA --> RNA single stranded

Question 27

mRNA

Answer 27

Messenger RNA used in transcription

Question 28

tRNA

Answer 28

Transfer RNA used in translation, Amino Acid Attachment + AntiCodon, used in RNA polymerase

Question 29

rRNA

Answer 29

Ribosomal RNA used to make ribosomes: structure

Question 30

Translation

Answer 30

RNA polymerase unwinds DNA, creates amino acid chain through tRNA/codons, U replaces T

Question 31

Mature RNA

Answer 31

Leaves nuclei, goes into cytoplasm/ribosomes after being processed TRANSLATION

Question 32

Vertical Transmission

Answer 32

Bacteria pass down DNA to following generation

Question 33

Horizontal Tansmission

Answer 33

Bacteria obtain DNA from other bacteria: phage (virus), physical bridge, cell breaks

Question 34

Rifampicin

Answer 34

antibiotic that inhibits RNA polymerase, can't do transcription

Question 35

Point Mutation

Answer 35

small mutation affecting 1- a few nucleotides

Question 36

Missense Point Mutation

Answer 36

change which amino acids are coded(UCA --> UUA)

Question 37

Nonsense Point Mutation

Answer 37

changes to STOP codon: shorter protein

Question 38

Silent Point Mutation

Answer 38

change in mRNA but no change in final product

Question 39

DNA replication

Answer 39

DNA polymerase: right nucleotides at right locations, error rate: proofreading/editing mechanisms that correct mistakes

Question 40

Alzheimer's Disease

Answer 40

aggregates of misfolded proteins (plaques) AMLYOID protein: cut by enzymes: different sizes, more likely for proteins to fold TAU protein (helps with structure of microtubules) --> when misfolded microtubules fall apart

Question 41

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

Answer 41

"Spongy" brain appearance, Prion hypothesis

Question 42

Prion Hypothesis

Answer 42

chain reaction of misfolded proteins: tangled/nonfunctional protein aggregates: Prion proteins can change/convert proteins into abnormal/aggregate types

Question 43

Amino Acid Structure

Answer 43

Amino Group + Carboxyl Group + Side Chain (R Group), codons

Question 44

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 44

linear sequence of amino acids

Question 45

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 45

localized regions of folding: specific regions that adopt specific conformations: ALPHA HELIX/BETA PLEATED SHEET

Question 46

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 46

folding of entire protein, hydrogen bonds: Cysteine: participates in DISULFIDE BONDS (b/ 2 sulfur atoms found in R-group of Cys)

Question 47

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 47

Interacts with other proteins

Question 48

Chaperons Proteins

Answer 48

proteins that assist in folding/unfloding/assembly/disassembly of macromolecular structure

Question 49

Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)

Answer 49

control system that tags misfolded proteins for refolding/degradation

Question 50

Ubiquitin

Answer 50

chemical tag for degredation

Question 51

"Gene is fully expressed"

Answer 51

mature/active product is function in location

Question 52

Plaques

Answer 52

extracellular deposits of amyloid protein

Question 53

Neurofibrillary Tangles

Answer 53

Tangles are aggregates of tau protein (taupathy) microtubules in neurons break down: Cytoskeletal changes