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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides

A

have 5 carbon carbohydrate, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base

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2
Q

DNA

A

permanent form: AGCT, antiparallel, in DNA replication/transcription

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3
Q

RNA

A

temporary info storage, AGCU, transcription/translation

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4
Q

DNA double helix

A

sugar-phosphate backbone coild around outside of helix: nitrogenous bases point inwards (AT: 2 hydrogen bonds, GC: 3 H bonds)

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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

DNA wraps around histones, packed into coil, linear chromosomes, mitosis

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6
Q

Prokaryotes

A

no histones, circular chromosomes, single cell division

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7
Q

Energy for DNA synthesis

A

comes from breaking of phosphate bonds

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8
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds DNA in DNA replication

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9
Q

Topoisomerase

A

nicks DNA as is untwisted (relieves twisting forces, will be repaired) in DNA replication

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10
Q

Single-stranded DNA binding proteins

A

prevents two strands from snapping shut in DNA replication

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11
Q

Primase

A

makes RNA primer

which will be eventually degraded) in DNA replication (DNA needs base

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12
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

synthesizes DNA, works in 5’ –> 3 ‘ direction ONLY

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13
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

segments of RNA made on lagging strand in DNA replication

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14
Q

Telomeres/Telomerase

A

caps overhanging DNA strands/catalyzes additions of lost sequence

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15
Q

Haploid

A

1 copy of every set of chromosomes (Gametes in humans)

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16
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of every set of chromosomes (most human cells are diploid; 23 pairs)

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17
Q

Polypoid

A

3 or more copies of every set of chromosomes

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18
Q

Genes

A

segments of DNA that provide instructions for proteins/RNA molecules: rest of “non-coding” segments = key role in expression

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19
Q

Exons

A

segments of gene that get expressed to make final product

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20
Q

Introns

A

intervening segments that are spliced out in pre-mRNA phase

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21
Q

Allele

A

each copy of the 2 copies of every gene on autosome (not sex chromosome)

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22
Q

Homozygous Allele

A

two alleles are identical (AA)

23
Q

Heterozygous Allele

A

any extent of difference (Aa)

24
Q

Genotype

A

genetic make-up

25
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression of genetic make-up

26
Q

Transcription

A

DNA –> RNA single stranded

27
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA used in transcription

28
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA used in translation, Amino Acid Attachment + AntiCodon, used in RNA polymerase

29
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA used to make ribosomes: structure

30
Q

Translation

A

RNA polymerase unwinds DNA, creates amino acid chain through tRNA/codons, U replaces T

31
Q

Mature RNA

A

Leaves nuclei, goes into cytoplasm/ribosomes after being processed TRANSLATION

32
Q

Vertical Transmission

A

Bacteria pass down DNA to following generation

33
Q

Horizontal Tansmission

A

Bacteria obtain DNA from other bacteria: phage (virus), physical bridge, cell breaks

34
Q

Rifampicin

A

antibiotic that inhibits RNA polymerase, can’t do transcription

35
Q

Point Mutation

A

small mutation affecting 1- a few nucleotides

36
Q

Missense Point Mutation

A

change which amino acids are coded(UCA –> UUA)

37
Q

Nonsense Point Mutation

A

changes to STOP codon: shorter protein

38
Q

Silent Point Mutation

A

change in mRNA but no change in final product

39
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase: right nucleotides at right locations, error rate: proofreading/editing mechanisms that correct mistakes

40
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

aggregates of misfolded proteins (plaques)
AMLYOID protein: cut by enzymes: different sizes, more likely for proteins to fold
TAU protein (helps with structure of microtubules) –> when misfolded microtubules fall apart

41
Q

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

A

“Spongy” brain appearance, Prion hypothesis

42
Q

Prion Hypothesis

A

chain reaction of misfolded proteins: tangled/nonfunctional protein aggregates: Prion proteins can change/convert proteins into abnormal/aggregate types

43
Q

Amino Acid Structure

A

Amino Group + Carboxyl Group + Side Chain (R Group), codons

44
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids

45
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

localized regions of folding: specific regions that adopt specific conformations: ALPHA HELIX/BETA PLEATED SHEET

46
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

folding of entire protein, hydrogen bonds: Cysteine: participates in DISULFIDE BONDS (b/ 2 sulfur atoms found in R-group of Cys)

47
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

Interacts with other proteins

48
Q

Chaperons Proteins

A

proteins that assist in folding/unfloding/assembly/disassembly of macromolecular structure

49
Q

Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)

A

control system that tags misfolded proteins for refolding/degradation

50
Q

Ubiquitin

A

chemical tag for degredation

51
Q

“Gene is fully expressed”

A

mature/active product is function in location

52
Q

Plaques

A

extracellular deposits of amyloid protein

53
Q

Neurofibrillary Tangles

A

Tangles are aggregates of tau protein (taupathy) microtubules in neurons break down: Cytoskeletal changes

Core Bio (7 decks)

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