Exam 1 - 5. Radiation Biology Flashcards
3
Radiographs are made with _____ radiation
3
Follow the ______ principle to minimize risks.
3
What does ALARA stand for?
4
Low energy X-rays are ______ by the body (_____absorption).
4
Low energy X-rays occur when X-rays interact with ____ tissues like ____ or _____. These low energy x-rays are _____.
4
High energy X-rays undergo _____. This releases ________ electrons which cause ______ when interacting with _________.
4
What is the major site of biologic damage?
5
In direct actions, the photon directly interacts with and ionizes a _______. The ________ produced by the ionization interaction (________) may also interact directly with biologic macromolecules.
5
What fraction of radiation is direct action?
5
Indirect action, the secondary electron interacts with, for example, a _____ to produce a ______, which in turn produces the _______.
5
What fraction of radiation is indirect radiation?
6
Direct and indirect radiation both yield ________, which are ________.
6
Free radicals are ______ reactive and have ______ half lives.
6
Free radicals play a dominant role in producing _______ in _______.
7
In direct action, free radical generation occurs within _____ of the passage of a photon
7
Free radicals quickly reform into _______.
7
What would be an example of free radical dissociation using an equation?
7
What would be an example of free radical cross-linking using an equation?
7
Direct actions dominate with ______) radiations and are less predominant with _____ radiations such as ______.
8
Water constitutes approximately ___% of mammalian cells.
8
When water is irradiated, it _____ into _____. This is referred to as _____.
8
The initial series of interactions of x-ray photon with water produce _____ and _______ free radicals that interact with biologic macromolecules
8
The hydroxyl radical is _____ and is estimated to cause ______ of the biologic damage to mammalian cells from x-rays.
9
Indirect action results in _____ damage.
10
What is the range of time for energy absorbed in radiation biology Excitation and ionization? Chemical reactions? Bioeffects?
11
What is the term for the time between when energy is absorbed and damage done to when the signs and symptoms are visible?
11
The latent period may take ____ or up to ____ or more.
11
How long the latent period takes depends on the ______ and the _______.
12
What are the two most important damages to DNA?
13
During what phase are the cells most sensitive to radiation?
14
During what phase of the cell cycle are cells less and LEAST sensitive to DNA damage?
13
If a DNA strand break occurs prior to chromosomal duplication (late G1/early S), the break is ______ and both sister chromatids will ______. These are known as _______.
13
If the DNA strand break occurs after chromosomal duplication (late S/G2), only ________ will encounter the break. These are known as ______.
