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CAS 490T > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Change that occurs over a long period of time

A

secular trend

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2
Q

The belief that a mental disorder can be attributed to bodily malfunction or imbalance

A

Somatogenesis

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3
Q

A group of behaviors or symptoms likely to occur together

A

Syndrome

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4
Q

The belief that mental problems are caused by psychological variables

A

Psychogensis

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5
Q

Law that states that behavior is shaped by its consequences

A

Law of effect

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6
Q

Approach that emphasizes the combination of learning principles and social context

A

Social learning perspective

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7
Q

Approach that emphasizes the combination of learning principles and cognition

A

cognitive-behavorial perspective

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8
Q

A shared perspective or framework consisting of a set of assumptions and conceptions that guide the work of a group of scientists

A

paradigm

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9
Q

An integrated set of propositions that explains phenomena and guides research

A

theory

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10
Q

variables interrelate to produce an outcome. One factor interacts with another factor

A

interactional models

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11
Q

Conceptualizes the multiple causes of psychopathology as the working together of a vulnerability factor and a stress factor

A

vulnerability-stress model

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12
Q

Development occurs via transactions between an individual and the environment

A

transactional models

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13
Q

development occurs over time as systems interact or enter into ongoing transactions with each other

A

systems models

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14
Q

Perspective interested in the origins and developmental course of disordered behavior as well as adaptation and competence. Integrates the understanding and study of normal development processes with those of psychopathology.

A

developmental psychopathology perspective

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15
Q

Consideres disorders to be discrete entities that result from specific and limited biological causes within the individual

A

medical model

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16
Q

Variable X leads straight to outcome

A

direct effect

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17
Q

Variable X influences other variables that in turn lead to outcome

A

indirect effect

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18
Q

a factor or variable that explains or brings about an outcome by indirect means

A

mediator

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19
Q

a variable that influences the direction or the strength of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable

A

moderator

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20
Q

must be present for disorder to occur

A

necessary causes

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21
Q

can be responsible alone for a disorder

A

sufficient cause

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22
Q

not always necessary or sufficient for cause

A

contributing causes

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23
Q

Diverse factors can be associated with the same outcome, many starting points to one end point

A

equifinality

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24
Q

an experience may function differently depending on a host of other influences that may lead to different outcomes, One starting point with many ending points

A

multifinality

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25
Q

Variables that precede and increase the chance of psychological impairments

A

risks

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26
Q

Tendency to respond maladaptively to life circumstances

A

vulnerability

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27
Q

Positive outcome in the face of risk, ability to resist or overcome life’s adversities

A

resilience

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28
Q

symptoms change with development, symptoms are different throughout lifetime

A

heterotypic continuity

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29
Q

Stable symptoms throughout development, Symptoms look the same throughout lifetime

A

homotypic continuity

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30
Q

A strong socioemotional bond between individuals. Usually discussed in terms of the child-parent or child-caretaker relationship, viewed as having a strong influence on a child’s development

A

attachment

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31
Q

Type of attachment where infants when distressed by caregiver separation seek contact with her upon her return, react positively, and use the caregiver as a secure base from which they venture forth to explore the environment

A

Secure attachment

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32
Q

Type of attachment where infants fail to use the caregiver as a resource to cope with stress.

A

Insecure attachment

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33
Q

Infant gives fewer signals of distress and ignores the caregiver

A

Avoidant attachment

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34
Q

Infant displays distress and makes ineffective attempts to seek contact with the caregiver

A

Resistant attachment

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35
Q

Type of attachment that reflects the lack of a consistent strategy to organize behavior under stressful situations. Infants seem apprehensive and they display contradictory behavior that may be misdirected or atypical. Associated with child maltreatment and poor parenting

A

Disorganized Attachment

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36
Q

Basic disposition or makeup

A

Temperament

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37
Q

How a child’s behavioral tendencies fit with parental characteristics and other environmental circumstances

A

goodness-of-fit

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38
Q

Reactive children should not only be more affected than other youth by adversities but also by advantageous environments

A

differential susceptibility hypothesis

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39
Q

Relatively brief or as more general mood states that vary in intensity and that are experienced as positive or negative

A

emotions

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40
Q

The three elements of emotions

A

1) private feelings of sadness, joy, anger, disgust etc.
2) autonomic nervous system arousal and bodily reactions
3) overt behavioral expressions such as smiles, scowls, and drooping shoulders

41
Q

Thinking about the social world. How individuals take in, understand and interpret social situations and then how behavior is then affected. How it can contribute to maladaptive behavior

A

social cognitive processing

42
Q

The brain and the spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

43
Q

Nerves outside of the central nervous system that transmit messages to and from it

A

peripheral nervous system

44
Q

A collection of glands intricately involved in bodily functions through the release of hormones

A

endocrine system

45
Q

A toxic substance that may cause damage to the developing fetus is know as

A

Teratogen

46
Q

Has two branches the sympathetic and the parasympathetic systems and is the part of the nervous system that helps regulate arousal and emotions

A

autonomic nervous system

47
Q

Watson and Rayner’s study of little Albert is an example of how what kind of conditioning may explain how fear is acquired

A

Classical conditioning

48
Q

A depressed child views herself as less capable than her peers whereas others do not view her this way. This is an example of

A

cognitive distortion

49
Q

The exposure of the developing fetus to alcohol is an example of

A

Parental influence

50
Q

Operant conditioning emphasizes the what of behavior

A

consequences

51
Q

In an ecological model of development which contexts would be expected to have relatively more impact

A

proximal

52
Q

In defining child maltreatment an act of omission by a parent or caregiver that involves failure or delay in providing care or supervision

A

neglect

53
Q

The most common form of child maltreatment is

A

neglect

54
Q

The study of genetic influences on individual differences in behavior

A

behavior genetics

55
Q

The designated individual whose relatives are assessed to determine whether an attribute occurs in other member of the individual’s family.

A

index case, or proband

56
Q

The degree to which genetic influence accounts for variance in behavior among individuals in the population studied

A

heritability

57
Q

Influences that contribute to family members developing in similar ways

A

shared environmental influences

58
Q

Influences that are different for children growing up in the same family and result in siblings being different from each other

A

non-shared environmental influences

59
Q

Conditioning in which an individual learns to respond to stimulus that previously did not elicit the response

A

Classical conditioning

60
Q

Conditioning in which a positive consequence of a behavior will strengthen the behavior while a negative consequence will weaken it

A

operant learning

61
Q

Learning that occurs through viewing the behavior of others. Modeled behavior can be presented in live or symbolic form

A

observational learning

62
Q

Perspective that incorporates cognition, emotion, behavior and social factors. Assumes that behaviors are learned and maintained by the interaction of internal cognitions and emotions with external environmental events.

A

cognitive-behavioral perspective

63
Q

Sets of attitudes, goals, and patterns of parenting practices that affect outcomes for children and adolescents

A

parenting styles

64
Q

Set and enforce standards considerate of children’s needs. Encourage independence and individuality

A

Authoritative

65
Q

Make few demands for mature behavior. Allow children to regulate themselves. Tolerate children’s impulses

A

Indulgent/permissive

66
Q

Strictly set rules which can not be challenged. Parents encourage independence and individuality

A

Authoritarian

67
Q

Uninvolved. Parents lack emotional commitment to their children

A

Neglectful

68
Q

Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation or an act of failure to act which presents an eminent risk of serious harm.

A

Child abuse

69
Q

Modifications in culture resulting from cultures coming into contact with each other

A

acculturation

70
Q

Research that tests the specific hypotheses derived from theoretical notions.

A

hypothesis testing

71
Q

Choosing each participant by chance

A

random selection

72
Q

Clinical populations that are unlikely to represent the entire population

A

Selection Bias

73
Q

A specified set of observable operations that are measurable and that allow one to define some concept.

A

Operational Definition

74
Q

A term that is used in several different ways all of which address issues of correctness, meaningfulness, and relevancy.

A

Validity

75
Q

Data would be similar, or consistent, if measures were taken again under similar circumstances

A

reliable

76
Q

Directly observing individuals in their “real world”

A

Naturalistic Observation

77
Q

The extent to which different raters agree on a particular diagnosis or measurement

A

inter-rater reliability

78
Q

The extent to which research findings can be attributed to the experimental manipulation

A

Internal validity

79
Q

The degree to which findings of an investigation can be generalized to other populations and situations

A

External validity

80
Q

Experiment that is similar to randomized experiments, but the participants are not randomly selected

A

Quasi-experimental

81
Q

The probability that the finding is not due to mere chance

A

statistically significant

82
Q

The study of the occurrence and distribution of a disorder within a population.

A

Epidemiology

83
Q

Research approach which assumes that events are best understood when they are observed in context and from a personal frame of reference. Uses in-depth interviews and intensive case studies

A

qualitative research

84
Q

A scheme of classifications

A

taxonomy

85
Q

Evaluation of children to assist in the process of classification and diagnosis and in part to direct intervention

A

assessment

86
Q

A discrete grouping

A

Category

87
Q

Implies that an attribute is continuous and can occur to various degrees

A

dimension

88
Q

Conceptualizing behavior into qualitatively different groupings

A

categorical approach

89
Q

A mental disorder classification schema used with the DSM-IV, which provides a more comprehensive evaluation of the whole person; it is best used for treatment planning and prognosis because it reflects the interrelated complexities of the various biological, psychological, and social aspects of a person’s condition

A

multiaxial system

90
Q

a situation in which youths meet the criterion for more than one disorder

A

comorbidity

91
Q

Classification based on the use of statistical techniques to identify patterns of behavior that are interrelated

A

empirical approach to classification

92
Q

Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination and self-degradation that may be associated with membership in a socially devalued group

A

stigmatization

93
Q

Assessment that relies on empirical evidence and theory to guide their selection and support their validity

A

evidence-based assessment

94
Q

An umbrella term applied to both systematic prevention and treatment of psychological difficulty

A

Intervention

95
Q

Care that is provided by relatives or nonfamily, in or out of the family home or by nonfamily in a center based setting

A

nonparental care

96
Q

Promotes timely permanency planning and placement for children in foster care and the importance of children’s safety and well-being during the permanency process.

A

Adoption and Safe Family Act

97
Q

An effort to alleviate behavioral problems of children in foster care by working with foster parents and linking the child to the community mental health system

A

treatment foster care

98
Q

Funding for mental health services equal to that for other health care services

A

mental health parity

CAS 490T (5 decks)

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