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Childhood Psychopathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Characteristics, events, or processes that put the individual at risk for the development of psychological problems

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2
Q

What are protective factors?

A

Characteristics, events, or processes that seem to protect an individual from the development of psychological problems, even when faced with adverse circumstances

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3
Q

What is Zeitgeist?

A

The spirit or outlook that was characteristic of a period of time

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4
Q

What is infanticide?

A

Intentional murder of an infant or child

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5
Q

What is adultomorphism?

A

Conceptualizing children as miniature adults

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6
Q

What does atheoretical mean?

A

Without any theoretical orientation

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7
Q

What is differential diagnosis?

A

The attempt to distinguish one disorder from another in an individual client

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8
Q

What is multiaxial evaluation?

A

Individuals rated on multiple axes or dimensions of functioning

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9
Q

What are V-Codes?

A

Other conditions that are not considered mental disorders but that are the focus of attention or treatment

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10
Q

What is principal diagnosis?

A

The most relevant diagnosis for a patient

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11
Q

What are psychometric properties?

A

Reliability and validity

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12
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

When a clinician conducts diagnostic interviews at two points in time, usually one or two weeks apart

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13
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

Correspondence between two clinicians’ ratings

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14
Q

What is the kappa statistic?

A

The percentage of agreement between two raters, while controlling for chance agreement

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15
Q

What is IDEA?

A

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

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16
Q

What is a categorical approach?

A

Attempts to categorize mental health problems into distinct diagnoses

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17
Q

What is a dimensional approach?

A

Focuses on different dimensions or different levels of a child’s behavior

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18
Q

What are empirically based taxonomies?

A

Rely on actual data to understand and interpret children’s and adolescents’ behavior

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19
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Total number of cases at a particular point in time

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20
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases in a given period of time

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21
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

The co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses disorders in one individual

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22
Q

What are internalizing problems?

A

Feelings or behaviors that are over-controlled and primarily experienced internal by the child

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23
Q

What are externalizing problems?

A

Behaviors that are under-controlled and primarily experienced externally to the child

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24
Q

What did early versions of the DSM system believe about children?

A

They were just miniature adults

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25
Q

What is another classification system used both nationally and internationally?

A

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)

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26
Q

What is the DSM-5 intended to be?

A

Atheoretical, allowing the use of differential diagnosis

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27
Q

What did previous versions of the DSM allow clinicians to do?

A

Complete a multiaxial evaluation

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28
Q

Is multi axial evaluation used in the DSM-5?

A

No

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29
Q

If there are more than one diagnoses evident, what does the clinician do?

A

Reports the most meaningful diagnosis (principal diagnosis)

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30
Q

What disorders are under consideration for DSM-6?

A

Suicidal behavior disorder and nonsuicidal self injury

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31
Q

What are weaknesses of DSM-5?

A

Medical model, possible harm of labeling

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32
Q

What influences dimensional approaches?

A

Empirically based taxonomies

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33
Q

What is the largest and most comprehensive study of epidemiology to date?

A

Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA)

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34
Q

What is etiology?

A

The cause of emotional/behavioral problems

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35
Q

What are object relations?

A

A theory that highlights the importance of the infant’s relationship with the parent or caregiver (updated psychodynamic theory)

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36
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

Attachments between the infant and primary caregiver are of central focus

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37
Q

What is secure attachment?

A

When the infant uses the parent as a base from which to explore a new environment

38
Q

What is genotype?

A

A child’s genetic makeup that is inherited from his or her parents

39
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Observable characteristics in the child that are created from the interaction of heredity and environment

40
Q

What is endophenotype?

A

The interaction between genotype and phenotype

41
Q

What are two primary methods used to investigate genetic contribution to the development of psychopathology?

A

Study monozygotic and dizygotic twins in adoption studies

42
Q

What is shared environment?

A

The common experiences in siblings’ environments

43
Q

What is nonshared environment?

A

Unique aspects of the family that each sibling experiences differently than the others

44
Q

What are enmeshed families?

A

Families who show too much closeness

45
Q

What are disengaged families?

A

Families who show too much distance

46
Q

What is the macrosystem?

A

Beliefs and values of the culture

47
Q

What is the exosystem?

A

Social structures (family, neighborhood, SES)

48
Q

What is the mesosystem?

A

The interconnections between various community systems (peer groups, schools, religious organizations)

49
Q

What is the microsystem?

A

Immediate environment where the child lives

50
Q

What is niche-picking?

A

Children/adolescents choosing their peer groups/friends based on their own level of deviant behavior

51
Q

What is multifinality?

A

One particular experience may lead to a number of different outcomes in various children

52
Q

What is equifinality?

A

A particular outcome can have many different sources

53
Q

What are the five psychosexual stages from Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

54
Q

What is facilitated communication?

A

Holding a letter board/keyboard/typing machine for a child with autism spectrum disorder while the child types out their thoughts/feelings

55
Q

What is the experimental design?

A

Uses random assignment, independent variable, measures dependent variable to see impact of IV

56
Q

What is the strength of the experimental design?

A

Researchers can argue causality regarding the impact of the IV on the DV

57
Q

What is the quasi-experimental design?

A

No random assignment or manipulation of IV; compares groups that already exist

58
Q

What is the correlational design

A

Do not manipulate variables or argue causality

59
Q

What is the survey method?

A

Utilizes surveys and questionnaires to assess variables that are analyzed later to explore connections between those variables

60
Q

What is the high-risk design?

A

Children in a disadvantaged situation are studied and compared with children who are not exposed to that disadvantaged situation

61
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

Gathering data at one point in time of a child’s or adolescent’s life

62
Q

What is prospective longitudinal research?

A

Researchers follow groups of children and adolescents over time

63
Q

What is programmatic research?

A

Researchers set out to build on their own previous research

64
Q

What is the Institutional Review Board?

A

Reviews any research with children and adolescents

65
Q

What is the single-subject design?

A

Often used with one participant or a small group of participants in order to assess their change in behavior after a behavioral intervention

66
Q

What is the most common p-value?

A

p

67
Q

What is an intake phone call?

A

When the clinician first talks with a family member about the problems the child and family are experiencing

68
Q

What are unstructured interviews?

A

Interviews that do not follow a specific, rigid format

69
Q

What are semistructured interviews?

A

Suggest a specific format that the clinician follows, but allows the clinician some flexibility to follow up on more important topics

70
Q

What are structured interviews?

A

Do not allow deviation from the original format

71
Q

What is behavioral observation?

A

The clinician observing the child at school, at home, in a research lab, or in the clinician’s office

72
Q

What is functional assessment?

A

The evaluation of actual behaviors and the child’s ability to perform those behaviors

73
Q

What is an example of a projective measure?

A

Rorschach test

74
Q

What is a genogram?

A

Provides a schematic representation of the family structure

75
Q

What are inpatient settings?

A

For the most severe examples of developmental psychopathology

76
Q

What is applied behavior analysis?

A

Uses functional assessment to identify the problematic behaviors and then relies primarily on operant conditioning principles to change problematic behavior

77
Q

What is the SORC model?

A

Stimulus-Organism-Response-Consequence

78
Q

What are anxiolytics?

A

Antianxiety medications

79
Q

What is an outcome study?

A

The effects of one therapy are compared with some type of control group

80
Q

What is the file-drawer problem?

A

Many studies are not published when they do not find differences between treatments

81
Q

What is universal mental health prevention?

A

Everyone in the community has an opportunity to be exposed to the prevention efforts

82
Q

What is selective mental health prevention?

A

Focus on certain individuals/groups who have experiences that put them at risk for developing emotional/behavioral problems

83
Q

What are indicated prevention interventions?

A

Target individuals who are already experiencing emotional/behavioral problems and attempt to prevent additional problems from occurring

84
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

The tendency that clinically disturbed individuals tend to become involved with and have children with other clinically disturbed individuals

85
Q

What is triangulation?

A

When the child is put in the middle of the parents’ arguments

86
Q

What is the traumagenic dynamics model?

A

Exposure to age-inappropriate sexual behaviors and traumatic sexualization
Feelings of powerlessness related to the child’s inability to prevent the abuse
Other individuals stigmatizing the child
Feelings of betrayal when a trusted individual perpetuates abuse or when they fail to protect

87
Q

What is the transactional model?

A

Bidirectional influences between abuse stress, coping strategies, cognitive appraisals, and psychological symptoms

88
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

The difficulties in multiple physiological systems that occurs when individuals face chronic stressors

89
Q

What is closely tied to temperament?

A

Emotional regulation

90
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

A term used to describe a cognitive structure in which children have come to expect success and who believe that they can perform successfully in any new challenging situation

Childhood Psychopathology (3 decks)

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