Exam 1 Flashcards
What organisms make up the domain?
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Archaea
What organisms make up the kingdom?
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, anamalia
What are the cytoplasmic granules of prokarya, eukarya, and archaea?
Prokarya- 70s ribosomes
Eukarya- 80s ribosomes
Archaea- 80s ribosomes
Prokarya may have non-membrane bound organelles? What are they?
ribosomes or inclusions
Coccus shape?
sphere
Bacillius shape?
rod
Vibrio shape?
comma (curved or bent rod)
Spirillium shape?
gentle twist
Spirochete shape?
tight corkscrew type of twist
Filamentous shape?
branching
What organism shapes can be in a “single” arrangement?
Vibrio
Spirillium
Spirochete
Filamentous
What organism shapes can be in a “diplo” arrangement?
Coccus
Bacillus
What organism shapes can be in a “tetrad” arrangement?
Coccus
What organism shapes can be in a “strepto” arrangement?
Coccus
Bacillus
What organism shapes can be in a “sarcinae” arrangement?
Coccus
What organism shapes can be in a “staphylo” arrangement?
Coccus
What are the external appendages of prokaryotes?
Appendages:
Flagella
Pili
Fimbriae
What are the functions of a prokaryote’s glycocalyx
If dry- protections
If wet- becomes slimy for adhesive function
What makes up a prokaryote cell wall?
Phospholipids
Fats
Proteins
What consists of a prokaryote internally?
Cytoplasm RIbosomes Inclusions Nucleoid, chromosome Actin cytoskeleton Endospore
Define the term taxis.
to move
Define “chemotaxis.”
movement towards or away from a chemical
Define “phototaxis.”
movement towards or away a light
What is the function of a pili of a prokaryote externally?
Attachment
-generally for mating to exchange genetic material
What environment do fimbriae tend to be present in?
mucous environment
What is the function of the glycocalyx?
Slime -ahesion of bacteria to smooth surface
Capsule-good in areas of high immune system efficiency, tighter/denser/thicker than slime layer making it unable to strain
What are the 4 cell wall classifications?
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid-fast
No cell wall
What are the requirements for a “gram positive” vs. a “gram negative” cell wall?
GRAM POSITIVE: -Plasma membrane -SMALL periplasmic space (outside P.M and inside peptidoglycan) -THICK peptidoglycan (20-80 nm) GRAM NEGATIVE: -Plasma membrane -LARGE periplasmic space -THIN peptidoglycan (1-3 nm) -Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin)
What gives a prokaryote its rigid/hard cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
What type of cell wall would a coccus shaped microbe have
Gram Postive
What type of cell wall would a bacillus shaped microbe have
If small- Gram negative
If large- Gram positive
What are the non-typical cell walls and their requirements?
ACID-FAST: -Peptidoglycan -THICK layer of mycolic acid NO CELL WALL: -Lacks cell wall
What is released when a cell is killed, where is it present in the cell,?
Lipopolysaccaride/endotoxin is present in the cell wall
What is mycolic acid?
Dense wax
Gram positive organisms produce _______, and gram negative organisms produce _______.
Gram positive- exotoxins
Gram Negative- endotoxins
Who created “cell theory?” When?
Robert Hook 1665
Who created the microscope? When?
Antoine Vanleeuwenhoek 1674
Who studied spontaneous generation using dish with meat getting maggots, bowls of liquid, and goose necked flask?
Francis Redi- meat and maggots
Louis Jablot- bowls of liquid
Louis Pasteur- goose neck flask
Who created “germ theory of disease?” When?
Robert Koch 1875
Who created aspeptic technique?
Joseph Lister (from Robert Semmelweis OBGYN)
Name 2 species of acid fast cell walls.
Nocardia spp
Mycobacterium spp
Name 2 species of a “no cell wall” microbe.
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Ureaplasma
A “no cell wall” microbe have no cell wall but still contain ________?
plsasma membrane
“Strepto” signifies what arrangement?
chain
“Sarcinae” signifies what arrangement?
8/16/32 cube
Describe a bacterial chromosome.
double stranded, single chromosome, circular, undergo transcription, and translation
What is the function of an endospore?
Function:
Reproduce structure
Adverse condition