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Microbiology l > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms make up the domain?

A

Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Archaea

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2
Q

What organisms make up the kingdom?

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, anamalia

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3
Q

What are the cytoplasmic granules of prokarya, eukarya, and archaea?

A

Prokarya- 70s ribosomes
Eukarya- 80s ribosomes
Archaea- 80s ribosomes

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4
Q

Prokarya may have non-membrane bound organelles? What are they?

A

ribosomes or inclusions

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5
Q

Coccus shape?

A

sphere

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6
Q

Bacillius shape?

A

rod

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7
Q

Vibrio shape?

A

comma (curved or bent rod)

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8
Q

Spirillium shape?

A

gentle twist

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9
Q

Spirochete shape?

A

tight corkscrew type of twist

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10
Q

Filamentous shape?

A

branching

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11
Q

What organism shapes can be in a “single” arrangement?

A

Vibrio
Spirillium
Spirochete
Filamentous

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12
Q

What organism shapes can be in a “diplo” arrangement?

A

Coccus

Bacillus

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13
Q

What organism shapes can be in a “tetrad” arrangement?

A

Coccus

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14
Q

What organism shapes can be in a “strepto” arrangement?

A

Coccus

Bacillus

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15
Q

What organism shapes can be in a “sarcinae” arrangement?

A

Coccus

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16
Q

What organism shapes can be in a “staphylo” arrangement?

A

Coccus

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17
Q

What are the external appendages of prokaryotes?

A

Appendages:
Flagella
Pili
Fimbriae

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18
Q

What are the functions of a prokaryote’s glycocalyx

A

If dry- protections

If wet- becomes slimy for adhesive function

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19
Q

What makes up a prokaryote cell wall?

A

Phospholipids
Fats
Proteins

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20
Q

What consists of a prokaryote internally?

A 
Cytoplasm
RIbosomes
Inclusions
Nucleoid, chromosome
Actin cytoskeleton
Endospore
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21
Q

Define the term taxis.

A

to move

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22
Q

Define “chemotaxis.”

A

movement towards or away from a chemical

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23
Q

Define “phototaxis.”

A

movement towards or away a light

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24
Q

What is the function of a pili of a prokaryote externally?

A

Attachment

-generally for mating to exchange genetic material

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25
Q

What environment do fimbriae tend to be present in?

A

mucous environment

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26
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

Slime -ahesion of bacteria to smooth surface
Capsule-good in areas of high immune system efficiency, tighter/denser/thicker than slime layer making it unable to strain

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27
Q

What are the 4 cell wall classifications?

A

Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Acid-fast
No cell wall

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28
Q

What are the requirements for a “gram positive” vs. a “gram negative” cell wall?

A 
GRAM POSITIVE:
-Plasma membrane
-SMALL periplasmic space (outside P.M and inside peptidoglycan)
-THICK peptidoglycan (20-80 nm)
GRAM NEGATIVE:
-Plasma membrane
-LARGE periplasmic space
-THIN peptidoglycan (1-3 nm)
-Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin)
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29
Q

What gives a prokaryote its rigid/hard cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

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30
Q

What type of cell wall would a coccus shaped microbe have

A

Gram Postive

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31
Q

What type of cell wall would a bacillus shaped microbe have

A

If small- Gram negative

If large- Gram positive

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32
Q

What are the non-typical cell walls and their requirements?

A 
ACID-FAST:
-Peptidoglycan
-THICK layer of mycolic acid
NO CELL WALL:
-Lacks cell wall
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33
Q

What is released when a cell is killed, where is it present in the cell,?

A

Lipopolysaccaride/endotoxin is present in the cell wall

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34
Q

What is mycolic acid?

A

Dense wax

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35
Q

Gram positive organisms produce _______, and gram negative organisms produce _______.

A

Gram positive- exotoxins

Gram Negative- endotoxins

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36
Q

Who created “cell theory?” When?

A

Robert Hook 1665

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37
Q

Who created the microscope? When?

A

Antoine Vanleeuwenhoek 1674

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38
Q

Who studied spontaneous generation using dish with meat getting maggots, bowls of liquid, and goose necked flask?

A

Francis Redi- meat and maggots
Louis Jablot- bowls of liquid
Louis Pasteur- goose neck flask

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39
Q

Who created “germ theory of disease?” When?

A

Robert Koch 1875

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40
Q

Who created aspeptic technique?

A

Joseph Lister (from Robert Semmelweis OBGYN)

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41
Q

Name 2 species of acid fast cell walls.

A

Nocardia spp

Mycobacterium spp

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42
Q

Name 2 species of a “no cell wall” microbe.

A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Ureaplasma

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43
Q

A “no cell wall” microbe have no cell wall but still contain ________?

A

plsasma membrane

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44
Q

“Strepto” signifies what arrangement?

A

chain

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45
Q

“Sarcinae” signifies what arrangement?

A

8/16/32 cube

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46
Q

Describe a bacterial chromosome.

A

double stranded, single chromosome, circular, undergo transcription, and translation

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47
Q

What is the function of an endospore?

A

Function:
Reproduce structure
Adverse condition

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48
Q

What is the function of inclusions?

A

Food storage

Debris storage

49
Q

Give examples of bacteria that contain endospores due to adverse conditions.

A

Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus anthracis

50
Q

Name some unusual bacteria and what makes them unusual.

A

Pleomorphic- change shape
Obligate- must live in host cell (in cytosol)
Cyanobacteria- blue green photosynthetic
Green and purple sulfur bacteria- absorb other wavelengths of light, live in sulfur springs & swamps

51
Q

To which kingdom do archaea belong?

A

Archaebacteria

52
Q

Growth of bacteria will undergo _________. However will partake in ________.

A

Mitosis meiosis

binary fission

53
Q

What is the time and number ration of bacterial growth?

A

Double every 20 (E. coli) minutes to 18 hours (M. tuberculosis)

54
Q

Bacteria do not undergo mitosis or meiosis, but still undergo what process?

A

DNA replication

55
Q

What are the requirements for binary fission?

A

One parent cell
Two equal daughter cells (in size and genetic makeup)
Genome identical to parent
No cycle of reproduction

56
Q

What are the requirements for binary fission?

A

One parent cell
One or more than one unequal sized daughter cells
Genome identical to parent
No cycle of reproduction

57
Q

What does salinity refer to?

58
Q

Name 5 extreme conditions that may trigger spore formation?

A 
O2 content
Temperature
Salinity
Nutrient Source
Waste Removal
59
Q

What two genus are endospores typically associated with?

A

Bacillus

Clostridium

60
Q

What genus form central and terminal endospores?

A

Bacillus- central endospores

Clostridium- terminal endospores

61
Q

Give two examples of obligate intracellular parasites.

A

Chlamydia spp

Pasmodium vivax

62
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary Fission

Budding

63
Q

What genus are spores particularly associated with and name examples of each?

A 
Bacillis:
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus subtilis
Clostridium:
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
64
Q

Which of the bacterial endospores and fungal spores are grown as singular or multiples.

A

Bacteria- singular

Fungal- multiples

65
Q

Where are endospores formed in bacteria?

A

Inside parent cell

66
Q

What are vegetative cells?

A

Living cells producing spores and going through binary fission

67
Q

Can bacterial spores divide?

68
Q

What is the difference between sporulation and germination?

A

Sporulation- formation of unactive spore

Germination- formation of new cell from spore (occurs when spore goes into vegetative state)

69
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

-Forms long axial nucleoid
-The 2 DNAs separate (spore DNA will direct spore formation)
-RNA and PRO mol. gather around spore DNA to make CORE
-

70
Q

What is the bacterial core in sporulation and what does it consist of?

A

Essntally structure of gathered RNA and PRO mol around spore DNA

  • consists of dipicolinic acid and Ca ions
  • Endospore septum grows (P.M. but no cell wall)
71
Q

What does the bacterial core in sporulation assist in?

A

heat resistance

72
Q

What is the endospore septum?

A

Plasma membrane but with no cell wall

73
Q

What is the cortex of bacterial endospre?

A

Double membrane with secreted peptidoglycan between layers

74
Q

What is the spore coat

A

Protein like keratin around cortex

75
Q

What is the exosporium?

A

Lipid protein membrane laid down outside of spore coat

76
Q

How long does sporulation take in the lab?

77
Q

How many stages are in germination?

78
Q

Name and describe the stages of germination.

A

ACTIVATION:
-damages coat
GERMINATION PROPER:
-AA or inorganic ions penetrate damaged coat
-Cortical peptidoglycan broken down and core takes in water ultimately losing resistance to heat and staining
OUTGROWTH:
-Proteins and RNA are synthesiezed in about hour
-DNA synthesis begins and binary fission of vegeative cell

79
Q

Germination proper is from ______ state to _____ state.

A

Resting state to vegetative sate

80
Q

What does endospore need to be exposed to to initiate activation stage of germination?

81
Q

What forms a bacterial cyst?

A

Bacteria Azotobacter

82
Q

What are cyst?

A
  • Thick walled cells

- Similar to endospores except lack dipicolinic acid and have limited resistance to high temperatures

83
Q

What is conida?

A
  • Chains of aeiral spores with thick outer walls

- Not resisant to heat or drying

84
Q

Name 3 bacterial reproductive structures.

A

Endospore
Cyst
Conidia

85
Q

What are conidia used for?

A

Moving to distant environments (like seeds of dandelion)

86
Q

Define a detritovore and what kingdom may be one.

A
  • Eat waste

- Fungi

87
Q

Define Omnivore.

A

Eat anything

88
Q

Define “-troph.”

89
Q

What is a Psychophile.

90
Q

What is a Mesophile.

A

-Anything that affects a human

91
Q

What is another name for an alkalinophile?

92
Q

What is a barrophile?

A

Like pressure

93
Q

What is an “obligate” referring to requirements of life?

A

-Something obligated to live one way otherwise would die

94
Q

What is an “faculative” referring to requirements of life?

A

-Something able to live either/or but prefers one over other

95
Q

What is an “microaerophile” referring to requirements of life?

A

-Likes small amount of O2

96
Q

What is an “aerotolerant” referring to requirements of life?

A

Doesnt want or need O2 but tolerates it

97
Q

Define “parasitism.”

A

One helped, one harmed

98
Q

Define “mutualism.”

A

Two helped

99
Q

Define “commensalism.”

A

One helped, but other not helped or harmed

100
Q

Define “antagonism.”

A

Both harmed

101
Q

What is a profusion system?

A

Proces of ridding of waste and adding nutrients to continue the plateau phase of the bacterial growth curve

102
Q

Name and describe the different “genetic recombination” terms

A 
Recombination:
-combining of 2 different cells
-resulting cell is "recombinant"
VERTICAL GENE TRANSFER:
-genes form parents to offspring
-eukaryotes via meiosis (sexual) and prokaryotes via binary fission (asexual)
LATERAL/HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER:
-passing genes to other microbes of same generation
103
Q

Can you change the the passed genetic makeup of parents in vertical gene transfer? If so, how?

104
Q

What are the requirements of “transformation” of bacterial genetic recombination?

A
  • Bacterium
  • “Free flowing” DNA (not part of nucleus)
  • Competence factor
105
Q

What are the requirements of “conjugation” of bacterial genetic recombination?

A
  • 2 Bacterium
  • Plasmid
  • F-pilus
106
Q

What are the requirements of “transduction” of bacterial genetic recombination?

A
  • Bacterium

- Bacteriophage

107
Q

What are the requirements of “mutation” of bacterial genetic recombination?

A
  • Bacterium

- Mutagen or sponaneity

108
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Virus that affects a bacterium

109
Q

What is a “competence factor” of transformation and where is it found?

A
  • Protein released by cell to facilitate entry of naked DNA into new host cell
  • allows small amount of donor DNA to be incorporated into host
110
Q

What is an “f-pilus?” structurally and functionally

A
  • Hollow tube that connect bacteria in conjugation

- Allows plasmid passage from 1 bacterium to another

111
Q

What has has receptors to bring DNA into a cell and enzymes to cut and paste DNA into host cell?

A

Competence factor of transformation

112
Q

What are the requirements of cells to become competent?

A
  • Receptors
  • Cell walls
  • Exonuclease
113
Q

What is one major difference between transformation and conjugation?

A

-Conjugation transfers a much larger DNA quantity (occasionally whole chromosomes)

114
Q

Structurally what are plasmids?

A

Small, extra-chromosomal DNA

115
Q

Plasmids are transmissible with genes making the capable of what?

A
  • Copying themselves
  • Creating an f-pilus
  • Secreting a PRO that causes other cell to mate with them
116
Q

Which of the two cells is the f-pilus contained in?

A

Donor cell.

117
Q

What are two ways transduction can occur?

A
  • Phage/viral DNA is incorporated into host bacterial DNA

- Bacterial DNA is incorporated into new viruses

118
Q

What process allows for microbe evolution?

A

Transduction

119
Q

What is substratum?

A

Tissue the fungi is growing on (Mycelial cells digest this)

Microbiology l (8 decks)

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