Exam 1 Flashcards
Things like biological populations that grow at the constant or steady rate, R, double over the interval of
(1) ln(2)/R
(2) 0.693/R
(3) about (70/R%)
(4) all of above
(5) none of above
(4) all of the above
If you put money into a savings account paying 3.5% interest per year, your money would double in about
20
To illustrate how explosive steady growth is, consider bacteria in a bottle that grow by doubling every minute. Suppose that the bottle contains only a single bacterium at 11:00 pm, but is full at midnight. When is the bottle half full?
11:59
Suppose the bacteria discovered another bottle to colonize that was the same size as their home bottle. When will they fill up the new bottle?
12:01
Without hydrocarbons (coal, oil, gas), the survival of roughly ______ in 7 people living today could be in jeopardy.
5
The estimate of 50% of US and world hydrocarbons being consumed by 1975 and 2010, respectively.
Hubbert’s Peak
It took 6 doubling times over 240 years to use up 50% of the world’s supply of hydrocarbons. At this rate of consumption, another ______ years of supply is left.
40
What else grows at steady rates?
(1) car loan (2) credit card debt (3) student loan (4) all of above
(4) all of the above
Non-critical resource for humanity’s survival?
(1) food (2) fresh water (3) energy (4) internet
(4) internet
The frog resting in a stew-pot graphic signifies
(1) frogs are good eating (2) enjoy life while you can (3) taking the hazard as the norm (4) having excuses is ok
(3) taking the hazard as the norm
A growing humanity breeds more
(1) freedoms (2) fresh air (3) environmental resources (4) laws
(4) laws
Renewable resource
(1) coal (2) oil (3) uranium (4) wood (5) natural gas (6) methane
(4) wood
Geological hazard
(1) air pollution (2) water pollution (3) earthquake (4) flooding (5) landslide (6) all of the above
(6) all of the above
Malthus was the father of classical
(1) theology (2) economics (3) genetics (4) chemistry (5) political science (6) social science
(2) economics
The ‘trillion pound gorilla’ refers to 7 billion people each weighing about
(1) 20 lbs (2) 50 lbs (3) 150 lbs (4) 250 lbs (5) 300 lbs
(3) 150 lbs
The number of people at risk when fossil fuels dry up.
(1) 0/7
(2) 2/7
(3) 5/7
(4) 7/7
(3) 5/7
Egyptian hieroglyph in the trillion pound gorilla graph signifies
(1) female (2) mother (3) woman (4) key to solving the overpopulation problem (5) all of above
(5) all of above
The time it takes for Africa’s population to reach 1,888 million people is given by dividing 2.4% into
70
The time it takes for Europe’s population to decay to 367 million people is given by dividing 0.001 into
0.7 or ln(2)
Best argument for family planning.
(1) reduce abortion rate (2) grow tax base (3) estate preservation (4) grow government
(1) reduce abortion rate
Estimated number of people killed in WW I
(1) 16x106 (2) 16x103 (3) 16x109 (4) 16x1011 (5) 16x1012
(1) 16x106
Estimated number of people killed in WW II
(1) 60x106 (2) 60x103 (3) 60x109 (4) 60x1011 (5) 60x1012
(1) 60x106
Used for porcelain.
(1) copper (2) clays (3) salt (4) zinc (5) cement (6) iron ore
(3) clays
Mined in Ohio
(1) copper (2) gold (3) salt (4) zinc (5) cement (6) iron ore
(3) salt
How many tons of minerals, metals, and fuels are used by the average American in a lifetime?
(1) 1.8 (2) 18 (3) 180 (4) 1800
(4) 1800
Legacy of Ohio’s glaciers.
(1) agricultural soils (2) ground water (3) sands & gravels (4) all of above
(4) all of above
Hydrocarbons are found in ______ rocks.
(1) igneous (2) metamorphic (3) sedimentary (4) crystalline (5) volcanic
(3) sedimentary
Rocks holding hydrocarbons make up _____ part of the crust.
Rocks holding hydrocarbons make up _____ part of the crust. (1) a minor (2) a major (3) an intermediate (4) all of above
(1) a minor
Nature controls overpopulation by _______.
(1) disease & starvation (2) pestilence (3) war (4) all of above
(4) all of the above
When something is changing at a rate > 0, it is ____.
(1) declining (2) growing (3) constant (4) all of above
(2) growing
When something is changing at a rate < 0, it is ____.
(1) declining (2) growing (3) constant (4) all of above
(1) declining
When something is constant, it is changing at a rate _____.
(1) < 0 (2) > 0 (3) = 0 (4) all of above
(3) = 0
ln(y) = a×log(y) where a = ______.
(1) 2.3026×100 (2) 2.3026×10-1 (3) 2.3026×10-2 (4) 2.3026×10-3
(1) 2.3026×100
log(y) = b×ln(y) where b = _____.
(1) 4.3429×100 (2) 4.3429×10^-1 (3) 4.3429×10^-2 (4) 4.3429×10^-3
(2) 4.3429×10^-1
10% =
(1) 10 (2) 0.1 (3) 0.01 (4) 0.001
(2) 0.1
If R=10% and t=3 months, then R×t = _____ yrs.
(1) 2.5×100 (2) 2.5×10^-1 (3) 2.5×10^-2 (4) 2.5×10^-3
(3) 2.5×10^-2
If 10 lbs of something is growing at an annual rate of 30%, then in 6 months it will weigh (1) 11.0 lbs (2) 11.2 lbs (3) 11.4 lbs (4) 11.6 lbs (5) 11.8 lbs (6) 12.0 lbs
(4) 11.6 lbs
At 15% annual interest, the credit card debt doubles in a little over
(1) 3.5 yrs (2) 4.5 yrs (3) 5.5 yrs (4) 6.5 yrs (5) 7.5 yrs (6) 8.5 yrs
(2) 4.5 yrs
At 19% annual interest, the credit card debt doubles in a little over
(1) 3.5 yrs (2) 4.5 yrs (3) 5.5 yrs (4) 6.5 yrs (5) 7.5 yrs (6) 8.5 yrs
(1) 3.5 yrs
According to Bankrate.com, the average US savings account rate in 2014 is 0.48%, and thus your savings account doubles in a little over
(1) 14.5 yrs (2) 29 yrs (3) 45.5 yrs (4) 91 yrs (5) 145 yrs (6) 250 yrs
(5) 145 yrs
According to Bankrate.com, the average 30 yr fixed home mortgage rate in 2014 is 4.21%, and thus your mortgage doubles in a little over
(1) 16.5 yrs (2) 33 yrs (3) 49.5 yrs (4) 56 yrs (5) 72.5 yrs (6) 89 yrs
(1) 16.5 yrs
According to Bankrate.com, the average 36 month auto loan rate in 2014 is 2.93%, and thus your auto loan doubles in a little over (1) 16.5 yrs (2) 23 yrs (3) 49.5 yrs (4) 56 yrs (5) 72.5 yrs (6) 89 yrs
(2) 23 yrs
According to Bankrate.com, the average Stafford in-school loan rate in 2014 is 6.80%, and thus your school loan doubles in a little over
(1) 5 yrs (2) 10 yrs (3) 15 yrs (4) 20 yrs (5) 25 yrs (6) 30 yrs
(2) 10 yrs
Suppose you invest $100 at 7% per year. After 25 years, the value of your investment will be about
(1) $266 (2) $366 (3) $466 (4) $566 (5) $666 (6) $766
(4) $566
About how much do you need to invest at 7% per year to get a million dollars in 25 years?
(1) $1.77×102 (2) $1.77×103 (3) $1.77×104 (4) $1.77×105 (5) $1.77×106 (6) $1.77×107
(4) $1.77×105
2^0 =
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 4
(2) 1
2^6 =
(1) 23 + 23 (2) 22×24 (3) 2×106 (4) 6
(2) 2^2×2^4
If carrying capacity involved 6 doubling times, then the first 50% of supply will be consumed in _____ doubling times.
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 5 (4) 6
(3) 5
The remaining 50% of supply will be consumed in _____ doubling times.
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 5 (4) 6
(1) 1
At any doubling time, the available and consumed supply amounts add up to ___.
(1) 50% (2) 75% (3) 100% (4) 200%
(3) 100%
Easter Island consists of about ____ square miles of land.
(1) 50 (2) 75 (3) 100 (4) 125 (5) none of the above
(5) 63
Easter Island is located about ____ kilometers west of the Chilean coast.
(1) 2.30×10^2 (2) 2.30×10^3 (3) 3.68×10^3 (4) 3.68×10^2
(3) 3.68×10^3
The Falkland Islands are located at about ____ E longitude.
(1) 300º (2) 240º (3) 180º (4) 120º
(1) 300º
Easter Island lies _______ of the equator.
(1) north (2) south (3) east (4) west
(2) south
A source of protein.
(1) palm fronds (2) sea water (3) humans (4) volcanic tuff
(3) humans
240 tons equals ___ lbs.
(1) 2.4×10^5 (2) 4.8×10^5 (3) 2.4×10^4 (4) 4.8×10^4
(2) 4.8×10^5
Moai-like lookouts for planet earth.
(3) satellites and telescopes
Renewable fuel.
(1) coal (2) oil (3) wood (4) uranium
(3) wood
Hydroelectric energy was ____% of the total US energy consumed in 2005.
(1) 45 (2) 0.027 (3) 2.7 (4) 27
(3) 2.7
Solar plus wind energy was ____% of the total US energy consumed in 2005.
(1) 3 (2) 1.8 (3) 0.18 (4) 0.018
(3) 0.18
Assuming the US consumes 30% of he world’s annual energy production, how many kilowatthours annually would it be consuming in an equable world?
(1) 2.931×10^13 (2) 4.4×10^13 (3) 0.44×10^13 (4) 0.2931×10^13
(3) 0.44×10^13
Assuming Hubbert’s global peak actually occurred in 2010, then the world is projected to run out of hydrocarbons around the year ____.
(1) 2034 (2) 2044 (3) 2054 (4) 2064
(3) 2054
The ‘Oil Depletion Timer’ at www.poodwaddle.com/clocks/earthclock roughly projects the year _____ for the end of oil.
(1) 2034 (2) 2044 (3) 2054 (4) 2064
2050 (choose 2054??)
Environmental geoscience dimensions.
(1) north-south & east-west directions (2) vertical direction (3) time (4) all of above
(4) all of above
In a college of arts and sciences, mathematics falls in the ______ category.
(1) arts (2) sciences (3) medical (4) social sciences
(1) arts
Inferring that your ancestors 10,000 years ago breathed air like you do is an application of the _____ principle.
(1) uniformitarianism (2) original horizontality (3) superposition (4) gravitational
(1) uniformitarianism
The original horizontality principle is due to the earth’s _______.
(1) heat (2) air (3) magnetism (4) gravity
(4) gravity
If the oldest rocks are on top of younger rocks, then
(1) the superposition principle doesn’t work (2) the rocks were disturbed (3) radioactivity reversed the original ages (4) none of above
(2) the rocks were disturbed
Scientific facts are
(1) absolute (2) conditional (3) valid for all time (4) faith-based
(2) conditional
The statement "the present is the key to the past" is the major emphasis of the principle of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. original horizontality uniformitarianism geologic time superposition elastic rebound
uniformitarianism
The principle of superposition (sequence) states that rocks get from top to bottom.
(1) darker
(2) older
(3) hotter
(4) younger
(5) more dense
(2) older
The Earth is fundamentally layered due to the effect of _____.
(1) heat (2) air (3) magnetism (4) gravity
(4) gravity
Your birthday is an example of _______ dating.
(1) relative (2) absolute (3) sequential (4) radiometric
(2) absolute
Recognizing that you are a middle child of the family is an example of _______ dating.
(1) relative (2) absolute (3) sequential (4) radiometric
(1) relative
Ohio’s Paleozoic rocks contain ___ unconformities.
(1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 9
(3) 7
Economically significant rocks.
(1) limestone (2) shale (3) coal (4) all of above
(4) all of the above
Changes in an organism observed from its fossils are taken as evidence of organic _____.
(1) turbulence (2) creationism (3) polar wandering (4) evolution
(4) evolution
The trilobite is the state fossil of _____.
Ohio
A fossil found in a limestone and a sandstone located 100 miles apart suggests that the two units are _____ ages.
(1) the same (2) different (3) all of above (4) none of above
(1) the same
A sandstone sits atop a 350-million- year-old granite, and a 15-million-year- old basalt dike cuts across both units. The sandstone is
between 15 and 350 million years old
Chunks of limestone in the underlying granite means the granite is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the limestone. older than younger than same age as less weathered than
younger than
Only person to date who has won two Nobel Prizes in physics.
(1) Becquerel (2) M. Curie (3) Rutherford (4) Libby
(2) M. Curie
The time it takes for something to be steadily reduced to one half of its original amount.
(1) doubling time (2) carrying capacity (3) decay rate (4) half-life
(4) half-life
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is
.
2^1 ×2^-1=
1
2^5 ×2^-2 =
2^3
2^-6 =
(1) 2^-3 + 2^-3 (2) 2^-2•2^-4 (3) 2×10^-6 (4) -64
(2) 2^-2•2^-4
For a radioisotope system with a half-life of 1,000 years, the decay constant is _____.
(1) 6.93×10^-1 (2) 6.93×10^-2 (3) 6.93×10^-3 (4) 6.93×10^-4
(4) 6.93×10^-4
Units of the decay constant.
(1) dimensionless (2) years (3) years^-1 (4) months (5) months^-1 (6) percent
(3) years^-1
In seven half-lives, the amount of parent isotope has been reduced by about _____%.
(1) 99 (2) 90 (3) 75 (4) 50
(1) 99
In seven half-lives, the amount of daughter isotope has grown to about _____×Ci.
(1) 0.99 (2) 0.90 (3) 0.75 (4) 0.50
(1) 0.99
Thus, in seven half-lives, for every parent atom there are ____ daughter atoms.
(1) 127×10^-2 (2) 1.27×10 (3) 1.27×10^2 (3) 1.27×10^3
(2) 1.27×10
If there are 127 daughter atoms for every parent isotope with a half-life of ten thousand years in a rock, then the rock is ____ years old.
(1) 7×10 (2) 7×10^2 (3) 7×10^3 (4) 7×10^4
(4) 7x10^4
In the time equation (Cd/Cp) = ((2^N) – 1)
.
If (Cd/Cp) = 15 in a rock,
N=4
A rock started out with 4000 atoms of parent radioisotope X and none of its daughter Y. We now find in it 1,000 atoms of X and 3,000 of Y. The half- life of X is 10 million years. The rock is __________ years old.
20 million
The Tollund man died about 2,000 years ago. Assuming a 14C half-life of about 6,000 years means that he has been dead for about ______ half-lives.
1/3
