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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of bacteria and diseases they may cause

A

bacteriology

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2
Q

study of fungi and fungal diseases

A

mycology

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3
Q

study of pathogenic protozoa and their diseases

A

parasitology

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4
Q

the study of viruses and their diseases

A

virology

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5
Q

who is credited with the first accurate description of bacteria?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

who was responsible for finally ending the controversy surrounding the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Pasteur

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7
Q

what commercially important process was Pasteur studying when he developed the technique of pasteurization?

A

fermentation of wine

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8
Q

who was he first person to attempt to control infection during surgery through the use of an antiseptic?

A

Lord Lister

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9
Q

who was the first person to demonstrate the causative role of bacteria in infectious disease?

A

Robert Koch

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10
Q

what group of infectious agents were discovered by examining bacterial-free filtrates?

A

viruses

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11
Q

the concept of immunization was first discovered by what investigator?

A

Jenner

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12
Q

how was penicillin “accidentally” discovered?

A

Fleming was trying to grow bacteria, but it got contaminated and the bacteria would not grow near the mold (penicillin)

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13
Q

what is the difference between bacteremia and sepsis?

A

Bacteremia-the presence of bacteria in the blood

Sepsis-bacteria multiplying and forming toxins in the blood (serious life threatening)

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14
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Person that harbors a pathogenic organism but has no symptoms of disease, but could pass it on

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15
Q

obligate pathogen vs. opportunistic pathogen

A
  • Obligate always causes disease

* Opportunistic only causes disease under certain conditions if the host is weakened. (FB)

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16
Q

what is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?

A

Antiseptic-removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on living tissue
Disinfectant-removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

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17
Q

round; singly, pairs, chains, or clusters

A

Cocci

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18
Q

list some of the characteristics of bacterial spores

A

Only in Gram +, do not stain with Gram stain, dormant state that is resistant to drying, heat, chemical disinfectants, and radiation

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19
Q

differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

A

Prokaryotic-nuclear structures

Eukaryotic-possess true nuclei

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20
Q

what is the most specific basis for the taxonomy and classification of bacteria?

A

Nucleic acid hemology

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21
Q

lag phase

A

cells enlarge but don’t divide

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22
Q

define the various terms for the way bacteria obtain energy(chemotrophs, phototrophs ect.)

A

Phototroph-obtain energy from the sun

Chemotrophs-obtain energy from chemicals

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23
Q

what is the term used to describe organisms that use only molecular oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor in respiration?

A

Obligate aerobes

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24
Q

What is the final hydrogen acceptor in fermentation?

A

An organic compound

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25
what is meant by the term "facultative"?
Organism can grow with or without oxygen
26
how would you classify an organism that grows best at body temperature(37 C)?
Mesophilic
27
what is the most convenient method for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture?
Streak plate
28
what is a mordant? | how would omitting it affect the gram stain?
Gives dye an attachment point, increases the affinity of the dye. The dye would get washed out during decolorization and be pink
29
what portion of the bacterial cell has the most to do with whether it stains gram positive or gram negative? What chemical constituent of this structure is responsible?
Cell wall | Lipids and peptidoglycan
30
what is the most critical step in gram stain procedure?
Decolorization
31
which stains are used to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast baterica?(name of procedure, not specific dyes)
Zeihl-Nellsen Kinyoun method Fluorochrome method
32
List several conditions necessary for the optimum cultivation of bacteria?
Proper incubation temperature, moisture, pH, atmosphere
33
what are the melting and gelling points of agar?
Melting-97 (100) | Gelling-45
34
how would you characterize sheep blood agar?
Enriched differential media (differentiates hemolysis)
35
list several aspects of a quality control program in the microbiology labortory
Reagents, temperature, personnel, media
36
what is the most generally useful means of sterilization for the hospital laboratory?
autoclave
37
how would you sterilize media that cannot withstand high temperatures?
filtration
38
describe the various modes of action of disinfectants
Reacts with components of the cytoplasmic membrane, denaturation of cellular protein, enzymes, and damage to the DNA and/or RNA
39
what antiseptic is used to prepare the skin for venipuncture?
Isopropyl alcohol
40
what is the best overall disinfectant for hospital use?
freshly prepared 10% clorox
41
list several characteristics of an acceptable clinical specimen for micorbiology?
Sterile container, labeled properly, time of collection and received
42
how soon should all specimens be cultured?(placed on media)
As soon as possible
43
the areas of the body that are usually sterile
CSF, blood, joints, body cavities, gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, renal tract, middle ear
44
when you read cultures from areas that have normal flora, what is the main consideration?
Recognize what should not be there
45
name and briefly define the members of the family micrococcaceae.
Micrococcus-very large on Gram stain very yellow Staphylococcus-aerobic; ferments glucose; clinically significant Gaffkya-occur in groups of 4 Sarcina-bright yellow pigment; Gram stain appear groups of eight Peptococcus-obligate anaerobes
46
what test is used to distinguish the genus streptococcus from staphylococcus?
Staph are catalase positive, strep are catalase negative
47
what is the tube coagulase test? | what specific type of coagulases (bound or free) does it test for?
free coagulase released by staphylococci into the medium interacts with a plasma factor to produce clotting of plasma fibrinogen. Tube test tests for free.
48
what is hyaluronidase?
Dissolves the substance/cement between the cells. Called the spreading factor.
49
name several characteristics of the enterotoxin produced by staphylococcus aureus?
unusual exotocin that acts on the intestines not destroyed by blood. Causes food poisoning
50
what technique is used to track down the specific strain of staphylococcus aureus responsible for outbreaks of infection in the nursery or O.R.?
Phage typing
51
name some of the diseases causes by staphylococcus
boils, car buckles(group of boils), impentigo, pneumounia, sepsis, acute endocardidis.
52
list several biochemical characteristics that distinguish staphylococcus aureus from staph epidermidis and give the results for each organism.
*coagulase + *manatal salt + *dnase + (staph epi can not or can do these things)staph epi has the inability
53
how is staph saprophyticus differentiated from other stahylococci?
staph saprophyticus is non hemolytic and resistant to novobiocin
54
if a colony of stahylococcus aureus was trapped in the agar of a SBA pour plate, it would be small and hemolytic and would closely resemble what type of streptococci?
beta strep
55
what is the purpose of stabbing the agar when doing a throat culture?
to enhance hemolysis due to streptolysin o (SLO)
56
which of Lancefield's groups of streptococci are responsible for most clinical infections?
group a- wounds, sore throat,
57
to which of the above groups does streptococcus agalactiae(which causes neonatal meningitis and speticemia)belong?
group b
58
which group of streptococcus is associated with UTI's and wound infections, but are part of the normal flora of the GI tract?
group d
59
what is the role of the capsule in infections due to streptococcus pneumoniae?
primary virulence factor
60
what is the most common cause of SBE?
Sub acute.....viridans strep
61
what organism would be indicated by a gram stain of foul smelling pus from a brain abscess that shows gram positive cocci in chains?
anaerobic strep
62
Which strain of streptococcus is associated with infections due to mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Streptococcus MG?
63
what is the reagent used for the oxidase test used in the identification of Neisseria?
tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamene dihydrachloride
64
what antibiotics are found in MTM and what do they do?
Vancomycin colistine inhibits gram negative nystatin inhibits fungi/yeast
65
what infections are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
gonorrhoeae arthritis neonatal opthalmia sepsis
66
what specimen is used to detect carriers of Neisseria meningitidis?
throat culture
67
what enzyme is produced by strains of Neisseria that are resistant to penicillin?
β-lactamase
68
What is the term used to describe the ability of an organism to produce disease?
Virulence
69
flagella at both ends
amphitrichous
70
no flagella
atrichous
71
more than one flagella at one end
lophotrichous
72
one flagella at one end
monotrichous
73
flagella all over the cell
peritrichous
74
Exponential (log) phase
bacterial numbers increase exponentially (this is where testing should be done, testing is most reliable)
75
Stationary phase
cell growth equals cell death
76
Death phase
cell death is greater than cell growth
77
rod-shapted
bacilli
78
curved, coiled, or helical
spirals
79
, tiny hair like structures that aid in attachment to surfaces
pili or fimbriae
80
protects organism against drying, as a food reservoir, and as a waste disposal
capsule
81
holds the cells shape
cell wall
82
responsible for protein synthesis; composed of RNA and protein
ribosomes
83
the areas of the body that are normally inhibited by bacteria.
Skin, auditory canal, eye, mouth, throat, sputum from respiratory tract, large bowel, vagina

Microbiology (5 decks)

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