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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of bacteria and diseases they may cause

A

bacteriology

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2
Q

study of fungi and fungal diseases

A

mycology

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3
Q

study of pathogenic protozoa and their diseases

A

parasitology

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4
Q

the study of viruses and their diseases

A

virology

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5
Q

who is credited with the first accurate description of bacteria?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

who was responsible for finally ending the controversy surrounding the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Pasteur

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7
Q

what commercially important process was Pasteur studying when he developed the technique of pasteurization?

A

fermentation of wine

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8
Q

who was he first person to attempt to control infection during surgery through the use of an antiseptic?

A

Lord Lister

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9
Q

who was the first person to demonstrate the causative role of bacteria in infectious disease?

A

Robert Koch

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10
Q

what group of infectious agents were discovered by examining bacterial-free filtrates?

A

viruses

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11
Q

the concept of immunization was first discovered by what investigator?

A

Jenner

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12
Q

how was penicillin “accidentally” discovered?

A

Fleming was trying to grow bacteria, but it got contaminated and the bacteria would not grow near the mold (penicillin)

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13
Q

what is the difference between bacteremia and sepsis?

A

Bacteremia-the presence of bacteria in the blood

Sepsis-bacteria multiplying and forming toxins in the blood (serious life threatening)

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14
Q

What is a carrier?

A

Person that harbors a pathogenic organism but has no symptoms of disease, but could pass it on

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15
Q

obligate pathogen vs. opportunistic pathogen

A
  • Obligate always causes disease

* Opportunistic only causes disease under certain conditions if the host is weakened. (FB)

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16
Q

what is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?

A

Antiseptic-removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on living tissue
Disinfectant-removes or inhibits growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

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17
Q

round; singly, pairs, chains, or clusters

A

Cocci

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18
Q

list some of the characteristics of bacterial spores

A

Only in Gram +, do not stain with Gram stain, dormant state that is resistant to drying, heat, chemical disinfectants, and radiation

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19
Q

differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

A

Prokaryotic-nuclear structures

Eukaryotic-possess true nuclei

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20
Q

what is the most specific basis for the taxonomy and classification of bacteria?

A

Nucleic acid hemology

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21
Q

lag phase

A

cells enlarge but don’t divide

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22
Q

define the various terms for the way bacteria obtain energy(chemotrophs, phototrophs ect.)

A

Phototroph-obtain energy from the sun

Chemotrophs-obtain energy from chemicals

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23
Q

what is the term used to describe organisms that use only molecular oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor in respiration?

A

Obligate aerobes

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24
Q

What is the final hydrogen acceptor in fermentation?

A

An organic compound

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25
Q

what is meant by the term “facultative”?

A

Organism can grow with or without oxygen

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26
Q

how would you classify an organism that grows best at body temperature(37 C)?

A

Mesophilic

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27
Q

what is the most convenient method for obtaining a pure culture from a mixed culture?

A

Streak plate

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28
Q

what is a mordant?

how would omitting it affect the gram stain?

A

Gives dye an attachment point, increases the affinity of the dye.
The dye would get washed out during decolorization and be pink

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29
Q

what portion of the bacterial cell has the most to do with whether it stains gram positive or gram negative?
What chemical constituent of this structure is responsible?

A

Cell wall

Lipids and peptidoglycan

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30
Q

what is the most critical step in gram stain procedure?

A

Decolorization

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31
Q

which stains are used to demonstrate the presence of acid-fast baterica?(name of procedure, not specific dyes)

A

Zeihl-Nellsen
Kinyoun method
Fluorochrome method

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32
Q

List several conditions necessary for the optimum cultivation of bacteria?

A

Proper incubation temperature, moisture, pH, atmosphere

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33
Q

what are the melting and gelling points of agar?

A

Melting-97 (100)

Gelling-45

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34
Q

how would you characterize sheep blood agar?

A

Enriched differential media (differentiates hemolysis)

35
Q

list several aspects of a quality control program in the microbiology labortory

A

Reagents, temperature, personnel, media

36
Q

what is the most generally useful means of sterilization for the hospital laboratory?

A

autoclave

37
Q

how would you sterilize media that cannot withstand high temperatures?

A

filtration

38
Q

describe the various modes of action of disinfectants

A

Reacts with components of the cytoplasmic membrane, denaturation of cellular protein, enzymes, and damage to the DNA and/or RNA

39
Q

what antiseptic is used to prepare the skin for venipuncture?

A

Isopropyl alcohol

40
Q

what is the best overall disinfectant for hospital use?

A

freshly prepared 10% clorox

41
Q

list several characteristics of an acceptable clinical specimen for micorbiology?

A

Sterile container, labeled properly, time of collection and received

42
Q

how soon should all specimens be cultured?(placed on media)

A

As soon as possible

43
Q

the areas of the body that are usually sterile

A

CSF, blood, joints, body cavities, gall bladder, stomach, duodenum, renal tract, middle ear

44
Q

when you read cultures from areas that have normal flora, what is the main consideration?

A

Recognize what should not be there

45
Q

name and briefly define the members of the family micrococcaceae.

A

Micrococcus-very large on Gram stain very yellow
Staphylococcus-aerobic; ferments glucose; clinically significant
Gaffkya-occur in groups of 4
Sarcina-bright yellow pigment; Gram stain appear groups of eight
Peptococcus-obligate anaerobes

46
Q

what test is used to distinguish the genus streptococcus from staphylococcus?

A

Staph are catalase positive, strep are catalase negative

47
Q

what is the tube coagulase test?

what specific type of coagulases (bound or free) does it test for?

A

free coagulase released by staphylococci into the medium interacts with a plasma factor to produce clotting of plasma fibrinogen. Tube test tests for free.

48
Q

what is hyaluronidase?

A

Dissolves the substance/cement between the cells. Called the spreading factor.

49
Q

name several characteristics of the enterotoxin produced by staphylococcus aureus?

A

unusual exotocin that acts on the intestines not destroyed by blood. Causes food poisoning

50
Q

what technique is used to track down the specific strain of staphylococcus aureus responsible for outbreaks of infection in the nursery or O.R.?

A

Phage typing

51
Q

name some of the diseases causes by staphylococcus

A

boils, car buckles(group of boils), impentigo, pneumounia, sepsis, acute endocardidis.

52
Q

list several biochemical characteristics that distinguish staphylococcus aureus from staph epidermidis and give the results for each organism.

A

*coagulase +
*manatal salt +
*dnase +
(staph epi can not or can do these things)staph epi has the inability

53
Q

how is staph saprophyticus differentiated from other stahylococci?

A

staph saprophyticus is non hemolytic and resistant to novobiocin

54
Q

if a colony of stahylococcus aureus was trapped in the agar of a SBA pour plate, it would be small and hemolytic and would closely resemble what type of streptococci?

A

beta strep

55
Q

what is the purpose of stabbing the agar when doing a throat culture?

A

to enhance hemolysis due to streptolysin o (SLO)

56
Q

which of Lancefield’s groups of streptococci are responsible for most clinical infections?

A

group a- wounds, sore throat,

57
Q

to which of the above groups does streptococcus agalactiae(which causes neonatal meningitis and speticemia)belong?

A

group b

58
Q

which group of streptococcus is associated with UTI’s and wound infections, but are part of the normal flora of the GI tract?

A

group d

59
Q

what is the role of the capsule in infections due to streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

primary virulence factor

60
Q

what is the most common cause of SBE?

A

Sub acute…..viridans strep

61
Q

what organism would be indicated by a gram stain of foul smelling pus from a brain abscess that shows gram positive cocci in chains?

A

anaerobic strep

62
Q

Which strain of streptococcus is associated with infections due to mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Streptococcus MG?

63
Q

what is the reagent used for the oxidase test used in the identification of Neisseria?

A

tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamene dihydrachloride

64
Q

what antibiotics are found in MTM and what do they do?

A

Vancomycin
colistine inhibits gram negative
nystatin inhibits fungi/yeast

65
Q

what infections are caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

gonorrhoeae
arthritis
neonatal opthalmia
sepsis

66
Q

what specimen is used to detect carriers of Neisseria meningitidis?

A

throat culture

67
Q

what enzyme is produced by strains of Neisseria that are resistant to penicillin?

A

β-lactamase

68
Q

What is the term used to describe the ability of an organism to produce disease?

A

Virulence

69
Q

flagella at both ends

A

amphitrichous

70
Q

no flagella

A

atrichous

71
Q

more than one flagella at one end

A

lophotrichous

72
Q

one flagella at one end

A

monotrichous

73
Q

flagella all over the cell

A

peritrichous

74
Q

Exponential (log) phase

A

bacterial numbers increase exponentially (this is where testing should be done, testing is most reliable)

75
Q

Stationary phase

A

cell growth equals cell death

76
Q

Death phase

A

cell death is greater than cell growth

77
Q

rod-shapted

A

bacilli

78
Q

curved, coiled, or helical

A

spirals

79
Q

, tiny hair like structures that aid in attachment to surfaces

A

pili or fimbriae

80
Q

protects organism against drying, as a food reservoir, and as a waste disposal

A

capsule

81
Q

holds the cells shape

A

cell wall

82
Q

responsible for protein synthesis; composed of RNA and protein

A

ribosomes

83
Q

the areas of the body that are normally inhibited by bacteria.

A

Skin, auditory canal, eye, mouth, throat, sputum from respiratory tract, large bowel, vagina

Microbiology (5 decks)

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