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Biology 120 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define life

A

the condition which distinguish animals, plant, fungi, protist and bacteria from inorganic objects and dead organisms

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2
Q

characteristics of living systems

A
  1. cellular organization2. ordered complexity3. response to stimuli4. growth through metabolism5. homeostasis6. development7. reproduction8. evolution
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3
Q

how is the scientific method used to study living systems?

A
  1. make observations2. hypothesis construction3. hypothesis testing4. data analysis5. conclusion6. repeat
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4
Q

elements found in living systems

A

-C, O, H, N -Na, Cl, P, K, S, Fe, Mg - trace amounts

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5
Q

covalent bonds

A

-strong bonds (single, double, triple)-occur when elements share electrons-form discrete molecules-occur WITHIN molecules

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6
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

-weak association/weaker than covalent-easy to break and reform-involve 2 polar molecules-occur BETWEEN molecules

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7
Q

ionic bonds

A

-opposite charges attract-compounds are electrically neutral -atoms not paired, but associate with all other opposite charges in the vicinity-water disrupts these bonds by separating the ions or dissolving the crystals

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8
Q

non-polar

A

electrons shared equally

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9
Q

polar

A

electrons spend more time in part of the molecule

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10
Q

cohesive

A

attraction between water molecules

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11
Q

adhesive

A

attraction with other polar molecules

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12
Q

impact of temperature on the properties of water

A

-high specific heat-high heat of vaporization (vaporizes when all hydrogen bonds are broken)-low density of ice

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13
Q

solution = – + –

A

solvent + solute

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14
Q

substances that can form hydrogen bonds in water are those substances that can form hydrogen bonds with —

A

water

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15
Q

can things that aren’t polar still dissolve?

A

yes, but they have to form hydrogen shells

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16
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating

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17
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

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18
Q

definition of a cell

A

smallest unit of life

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19
Q

cell theory

A
  1. organisms are composed of one or more cells2. cells are the smallest living thing3. cells arise from the division of a previously existing cell
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20
Q

characteristcs common to all cells

A
  1. genetic material - DNA2. cytoplasm3. plasma membrane
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21
Q

what limits cell size?

A

transportation… the smaller the cell the easier it is to transport things from place to place

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22
Q

diffusion

A

solvent moves by concentration gradient (area of high concentration to an area of low concentration)

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23
Q

biomolecules

A

-lipids-proteins-carbohydrates-nucleic acid

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24
Q

properties of lipids

A

-non-polar-high proportion of hydrogen-carbon bonds-hydrophobic

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25
Q

structure of a lipid

A

-head - polar, hydrophilic-tail - non-polar, hydrophobic

26
Q

saturated fat

A

animal fat, compact tightly, even structure

27
Q

unsaturated fat

A

vegetable fats, structure not even because of double bonds

28
Q

what is the name of the H2N group in an amino acid

A

amino (nitrogen) group

29
Q

what is the name of the C group in an amino acid

A

central carbon group

30
Q

what is the name of the COOH group in an amino acid

A

carboxyl (carbonic acid) group, amino acid group

31
Q

what is the name of the R group in an amino acid

A

r-group, varies

32
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

a bond between amino acids (amino and carboxyl group)

33
Q

primary structure of an amino acid

A

amino acid order

34
Q

secondary structure of an amino acid

A

hydrogen bonds form between non r-group parts (local interactions)

35
Q

tertiary structure of an amino acid

A

large scale folds, gives shape

36
Q

quaternary structure of an amino acid

A

multiple polypeptide chains, aggregate (loose things combining)

37
Q

what is the role of lipids

A

-loosely defined (insoluble in water)-energy storage

38
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

-boundary-proteins are embedded-composed of 2 layers of lipids-tails facing each other with heads on both sides

39
Q

functions of protein

A

-motion-enzyme catalysts-storage-transport in and out of the cell-support-defense-regulation

40
Q

fluid-mosaic model

A

-fluid - components always moving, controlled by hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties-mosaic - made of different types of molecules

41
Q

nucleus

A

-protects the DNA-double membrane (phospholipid bilayer)-contains chromosomes

42
Q

ribosomes

A

-responsible for protein synthesis -(not really an organelle) -present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic (different sizes)-2 parts - large and small subunits - together to synthesis proteins-located in the cytoplasm and ER - location determines function

43
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

-responsible for protein transport-located around the nucleus-2 types - smooth and rough

44
Q

smooth er

A

synthesizes lipids and carbs

45
Q

golgi bodies

A

-protein processing-UPS of the cell-transport proteins and substances

46
Q

mitochondria

A

-cell’s power plant-2 sets of membranes - inner fold (lots of SA)

47
Q

endosymbotic theory

A

-some organelles originated from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells -cyanobacteria -> chloroplasts-bacteria -> mitochondrialevidence:1. circular chromosome, prokaryotic-like ribosomes, double membrane-where the mitochondria, chloroplast and nucleus came from

48
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of a substance across a membrane

49
Q

passive transport

A

-with concentration gradient-channel proteins-carrier proteins

50
Q

channel proteins

A

-sometimes reversible-size restriction

51
Q

carrier proteins

A

-large molecules-specific

52
Q

active transport

A

-against concentration gradient-requires energy

53
Q

what is the energy currency of a cell

A

ATP

54
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine tri-phosphate

55
Q

prokaryotes

A

-small-simple-single circular chromosome

56
Q

eukaryotes

A

-large-complex-multiple linear chromosomes

57
Q

differences between animal cells and plant cells

A

-plants have cell walls for support-plants have chloroplasts for photosynthesis-plants have vacuoles for storage

58
Q

chloroplasts

A

-has 2 membranes - outer and an inner-contains ribosomes and DNA molecules

59
Q

do prokaryotic cells have DNA?

A

yes, in cytoplasm

60
Q

do prokaryotic cells make energy?

A

yes, photosynthesis

61
Q

do some prokaryotic cells convert sugar into sunlight?

A

yes, they fold in on them selves

Biology 120 (3 decks)

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