Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Microbiology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of The concept of spontaneous generation?

A

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from non-living matter; disproved by Louis Pasteur using the swan neck flask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was the scientist who disproved this concept using the swan necked experiment?

A

Louis Pasteur: the swan neck flask allowed air, but trapped the dust from entering the sterilized broth. It wasn’t until the dust was mixed with the broth that it became contaminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the germ theory of diseases

A

the theory that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who came up with the Hypothesis of the Germ theory of disease?

A

Louis Pasteur and/or Robert Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who proved the germ theory of disease?

A

Robert Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who Discovered antibiotics?

A

Alexander Flemming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin; while studying the colonies of Staphylococcus that produced mold (Penicillium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who Discovered salvarsan? & Concept of Selective Toxicity?

A

Paul Elrich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is salvarsan?

A

first antimicrobial drug used to fight syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who determined that Fermentation is the result of microbial activity?

A

Louis Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who Came up with pasteurization?

A

Louis Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is fermentation & pasteurization?

A

Fermentation:sugars converted from sugar to ethyl alcohol
Pasteurization: Heat-treat something to make it safer to drink/eat to destroy microbes ex. milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who Isolated pure cultures?

A

Robert Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who Discovered Anthrax TB and Cholera?

A

Robert Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who Made Vaccine against Cholera and rabies?

A

Louis Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was the First to Implement vaccination(smallpox)?

A

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who described Animacules (bacteria)?

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who invented first compound microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List & Describe 3 New Bacteria Diseases?

A

~Lyme Disease: mode: bite from a tick
~Toxic Shock Syndrome: mode: high absorbent tampons (TSST-1:is a superantigent released by staph aureus which recruits T-cells)
~Ecoli O157:H7: “hamburger ecoli” mode:eating contaminated food, mass production of meat
~Legionnaire’s Disease:mode:contaminated water supply that is resistant to heating & cholorination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List & Describe 3 New Viral Diseases?

A

~AIDS:”Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”: HIV:mode:contaminated blood or tissue
~Ebola: “hemorrhagic fever”:ebola virus: infected body fluids, control measure is quarantine of active cases
~SARS:”Severe Acquired Respiratory Syndrome”: mode: contact with contaminated feces, person to person; zoonotic
~Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: mode: inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine or feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the main causes attributed to the emergence of new diseases?

A

~Change of Lifestyle: Ecoli O157:H7 (slaughter houses); tampons
~Closer contact with animals: expansion of city suburbs to rural areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the main causes attributed to the emergence of Old re-emerging diseases?

A

~Resistant to antibiotics (MRSA, TB)
~Neglecting Vaccination (MMR)
~Increase # of individuals with weakened immune systems (HIV+, elderly, adult diabetics)
~Increase of international traffic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a gene?

A

section of DNA that codes for a specific trait (heredity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the monomer of Genes (what are genes made of)?

A

nucleotides: nitrogenous base, phosphate group, carbon sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do genes code for?

A

Genes code for proteins which ultimately expresses a phenotypic trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a prion?

A

protein ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the central dogma in molecular biology?

A

~DNA Replication: helicase unwinds the ds; RNA primase adds complementary strand; DNA polymerase reads template strand from 3’ to 5’ & adds nucleotides from 5’ to 3’; DNA polymerase removes RNA primers & replaces with DNA
~Transcription (DNA to mRNA): done by RNA polymerase & transcription factors in the nucleus; a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail is added to the pre-mRNA chain; splicing occurs.
~Translation: mRNA gets translated in a ribosome in cytoplasm; ribosome reads the start codon (AUG); tRNA binds to the amino acid residue to add the polypeptide chain being synthesized; ends with a stop codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How did we get rid of small pox and plague?

A

Smallpox:prevention (immunization-vaccines & quarantine)
Plaque: used antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

causative agent of Ebola

A

Filoviridae ebolavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

causative agent of Legionnaire’s Disease

A

legionella pneumophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

causative agent of Lyme’s Disease

A

borrelia burgdorferi

increase in deer & human population in wooded areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

causative agent of Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

causative agent of EHEC

A

ecoli 0157:H7

mass production of meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

causative agent of SARS

A

coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

causative agent of Hantavirus

A

hantavirus

intrusion of human into rodent niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

List 6 reemerging diseases

A 
Drug Resistant Malaria
Plague
Diphtheria
Multidrug Resistant TB
Ebola Hemorrhagic fever
Typhoid fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the difference between viruses and cells? Why are viruses not considered as cells?

A 
living organism essentials are absent. 
cannot reproduce without having a host cell 
cannot metabolize 
can not grow
do not produce waste products 
Lack ribosomes
Only a single form of nucleic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do viruses have in common with Cells?

A

Viruses and living cells both have genetic material and protein (makes up their capsid).Both can also mutate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the structural and functional resemblances between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell membrane & Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

compare prokaryotic cell versus eukaryotic cells on the basis of their:structural differences

A

Prokaryotes: nuceloid, plasmids, flagella, glycocalyx, and peptidoglycan.
Eukaryotes: nucleus, Chromosomes (many), mitochondria, nuclear membrane, organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

compare prokaryotic cell versus eukaryotic cells on the basis of their: functional differences differenciation, reproduction exchange of genetic materials

A

Prokaryotes: reproduce via binary fission(divide). Have sex pili that aid in conjugation(exchange genetic info). DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotes: cells divide(mitosis). Meiosis (exchange genetic info) DNA replication in nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

compare prokaryotic cell versus eukaryotic cells on the basis of their: metabolic differences: food uptake, generation of energy

A

Both have same metabolic pathways. (Cellular Respiration)
Prokaryotes: metabolic processes occur in the cell membrane.
Eukaryotes: metabolic processes occur in the mitochondria and/or chloroplasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Role of flagella

A

aid in movement; made of flagellin

works like a propeller {run(anticlockwise) & tumble (clockwise)}

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Role of Pili:

A

FOUND MAINLY IN GRAM NEGATIVE

fimbria-like structure present on fertile cells used for attachment to specific structures (twitch & glide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Role of sex pilus:

A

used during conjugation (DNA transfer-involves plasmids)

46
Q

Role of glycocalyx:

A

composed of polysaccharides (capsule or slime layer)
~nonspecific attachment(form biofilm)
~accumulate nutrients & water loss
~protection (from phagocytosis by macrophages & neutrophils)

47
Q

Role of Cell Wall:

A

rigid structure that determines shape and prevents cell from bursting

48
Q

What are the differences that can be found b/w gram positive versus gram negative?

A

gram positive:stain purple, thick peptidoglycan layer, no periplasm, teichoic acids present, less resistant to antibiotics
gram negative:stain red, thin peptidoglycan layer, has a periplasm,LPS present & outer membrane, more resistant to antibiotics

49
Q

What is LPS ,where is it found ?

A

lipopolysaccharide
its an additional outer layer made up of lipids and sugars. LPS prevents the bacteria from retaining the gram stain. LPS contains an endotoxin (LIPID A) that is toxic to humans

50
Q

LPS in lungs:

A

inflammation;release fluids;lung damage

51
Q

LPS activate macrophages:

A

fever
reduction of arteries in heart
activate T-helper cells; drop in blood pressure;shock

52
Q

LPS in blood:

A

disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC) by activating clots
internal hemorhage

53
Q

What are the 3 different ways of acquisition of genetic material in bacterial cells?

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

54
Q

Transformation

A

when a bacterial cell intakes a segment of DNA from its environment. Recombination between the segment and host chromosome occur and when the cell splits one portion contains the recombinant DNA

55
Q

Transduction

A

intraspecific

transfer of bacterial gene via a bacteriophage

56
Q

Conjugation

A

interspecific gram+:receptor & protein gram-:use pilus
bacterial cells fuse and part of the genetic material of one cell is passed to the other cell and recombination occurs
ex MRSA with VRE

57
Q

Explain what is happening in bacterial cells during the lag phase, the log phase and the stationary phase.

A

Lag phase: little or no cell growth.Replicating/Metabolically active.
Log Phase: cells are active and being to divide. Rapid growth (binary fission).
Stationary phase: slow down of growth. This is where are limited resources for cells. waste also slows down growth

58
Q

During which phase are antibiotic produced ?

A

stationery phase

59
Q

5 targets of antibacterial drugs?

A 
cell wall
nucleic acid synthesis
protein synthesis
metabolic pathways
cell membrane integrity
60
Q

Tetracyclines

A

target protein synthesis

61
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

target protein synthesis

62
Q

Amoxicillin

A

target cell wall synthesis (beta lactam drugs)

63
Q

Sulfanilamide

A

target metabolic pathways

64
Q

Streptomycin

A

target protein synthesis

65
Q

Rifamycin

A

target nucleic synthesis

66
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

target nucleic synthesis

67
Q

PolymyxinB

A

target cell integrity

68
Q

Bacitracin

A

target cell wall synthesis (beta lactam drugs)

69
Q

Isoniasid

A

target cell wall synthesis (Mycobacterium)

70
Q

Vancomycin

A

target cell wall synthesis (beta lactam drugs)

71
Q

Methicillin

A

target cell wall synthesis (beta lactam drugs)

72
Q

Erythromycin

A

target protein synthesis

73
Q

Binary Fission

A

when a prokaryotic cells dna attacks to the cell membrane, replicates, and then split to form to daughter cells

74
Q

What are antimicrobial drugs?

A

chemically synthesized drugs that inhibit growth or kill microorganisms.

75
Q

Differentiate between vertical evolution and horizontal evolution in the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance

A

Vertical evolution is from mother cell to daughter cell (intraspecific). Horizontal evolution is from one cell to another cell (conjugation: interspecific)

76
Q

List four mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance & specific examples?

A

efflux pump
alter targets
Decreasing uptake of drugs
Drug-inactiviting enzymes

77
Q

Which of the following groups of microorganisms produces antibiotics?

a. Penicillium
b. Streptomyces
c. Bacillus
d. all of the above
e. a and b

A

D. All of the above

78
Q

An antibiotic made by microorganisms and modified by chemists is called ___________

A

Semi-Synthetic

79
Q

A high therapeutic index drug is

a. more toxic to the patient.
b. less toxic to the patient.
c. has no effect on the patient.
d. has no effect on the pathogen.

A

B.Less toxic to the patient

80
Q

Drugs that are bacteriostatic Kill or Inhibit growth of bacteria?______

A

inhibit growth

81
Q

Antibiotics that affect various strains of Gram-positive bacteria and various strains of Gram- negative bacteria are called

a. isolate usable.
b. stress-induced.
c. narrow spectrum.
d. broad spectrum.

A

D.broad spectrum

82
Q

Define what is the half life of a drug?

A

time it takes for the body to eliminate one half of the original dosages in the serum. The longer the half life of a drug the less is the frequency of doses that are required to maintain an effective level in the body

83
Q

Which group of Antibiotics that are most likely to disrupt the normal flora are termed a narrow spectrum of activity Or broad spectrum of activity?

A

Broad Spectrum of activity

84
Q

List the three major side effects caused by antimicrobial agents

A

allergies, toxic at high concentrations, suppression of normal flora

85
Q

The arsenic compound that proved highly effective in treating syphilis was called__________

A

Salvarsan

86
Q

Which bacteria have an innate resistance to penicillin?

A

Mycoplasma

87
Q

Prontosil effectively acted on streptococci when the drug was split by enzymes to produce_________________

A

sulfanilamide

88
Q

One of the earliest antimicrobials isolated from a bacterium was_______________

A

Streptomyces

89
Q

List the drugs that target peptidoglycan

A

penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin, bacitracin

90
Q

Penicillin-binding proteins

a. primarily function in the cell to bind to beta-lactam drugs.
b. are enzymes.
c. are involved in cell wall synthesis.
d. inhibit non-growing bacteria.
e. b and c

A

E. B&C

91
Q

What is the Role of Beta-lactamases?

A

breaks the beta-lactam ring

92
Q

What is the role of of aminoglycosides?

A

Bactericidal against aerobic and facultative bacteria; binds to the 30s ribosomal subunit, blocking the initiation of translation and causing the misreading of mRNA. Toxicity limits the use. Resistance is due to a plasmid encoded inactivating enzyme, alteration of the target molecule, or decreased uptake by a cell.

93
Q

What are The major classe(s) of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis is/are_______________

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines AND macrolides

94
Q

Antibiotic that act as Inhibitors of protein synthesis typically key on________________

A

ribosomes

95
Q

Folic acid is ultimately used in the synthesis of_____________________

A

coenzyme

96
Q

Sulfonamides are similar in structure to_____

A

PABA

97
Q

Mycolic acids are targeted by isoniazid in the treatment of______________

A

M. tuberculosis

98
Q

Bacteria may become antibiotic resistant by four different ways which are?

A

1) drug-inactivating enzymes
2) alteration in the target molecule
3) decreased uptake of the drug
4) increased elimination of the drug

99
Q

Acquisition of antimicrobial resistance due to spontaneous mutation is called______________

A

Vertical evolution

100
Q

The most common method of transfer of antimicrobial resistance is through the use of_______________

A

R-plasmid

101
Q

The key characteristic of a useful antimicrobial is selective toxicity.

A

True

102
Q

Antimicrobials that have a high therapeutic index are less toxic to the patient.

A

True

103
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics have minimal effect on the normal flora.

A

False

104
Q

Certain antimicrobials may be life-threatening.

A

True

105
Q

Drugs that target peptidoglycan do not effect eukaryotes.

A

True

106
Q

Beta-lactam drugs are only effective against growing bacteria.

A

True

107
Q

Antimicrobial resistance can be due to spontaneous mutation or gene acquisition.

A

True

108
Q

Viruses are very effectively treated with an antibiotics.

A

False

109
Q

Is their any association between the generation time of a specific bacterial pathogen and it’s the length of period of treatment ? Explain your argument (keep in mind that drugs are more efficient against growing cells)

A

Length of treatment does depend on generation time. The longer the generation time for a bacteria (the slower it metabolizes) the longer time for treatment.

110
Q

Is there any association with the half life of an antibiotic and its number of daily prescription dose ? Explain your argument

A

Yes, because the longer the half-life the least number of daily prescription doses have to be taken and vice versa

Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions