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Clinical Chemistry > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Standard

A

highly purified solution of known concentration, used to calibrate instrument, in order to measure other solutions of unknown concentration

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2
Q

Secondary Standard

A

less pure substance whose concentration was determined by comparison to a Primary Standard

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3
Q

Control Solution

A

used to monitor QC, has known acceptable ranges

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4
Q

Standard Solution

A

highly purified solution, not plasma based, have set listed values established by manufacturer, used to callibrate

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5
Q

Water purification techniques:

A

distillation, reverse osmosis, filtration, deionization

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6
Q

Reagent grades of water: Type 1

A

purest-required for sensitive tests

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7
Q

Reagent grades of water: Type 2

A

Acceptable for most uses

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8
Q

Reagent grades of water: Type 3

A

OK for washing glassware

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9
Q

Solute

A

substance being dissolved into a liquid

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10
Q

Solvent

A

the liquid the substance is being dissolved into

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11
Q

Molarity

A

Moles/Liter

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12
Q

Molality

A

Moles/1000 grams solvent

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13
Q

Normality

A

Equivalents weights/ Liter

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14
Q

Valence

A

the electrical charge of an ion, or the number of moles that react with 1 mole of H+

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15
Q

Colligative Properties

A

properties of solutions that are based only on the numbers of particles that are dissolved in the solvent
(freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, & osmotic pressure)

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16
Q

Vapor Pressure

A

At any given temp, for a particular substance, there is a pressure at which the vapor of that substance is in equilibrium with its liquid, a substance with a high vapor pressure is said to be volatile

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17
Q

Conductivity

A

measure of electrical current

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18
Q

Resistance

A

measure of resistance to current

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19
Q

pH

A

p= “negative log” of a concentration of a substance in a solution, pH= -log(H+)

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20
Q

Buffer

A

resist change in acidity, usually weak acids (or bases) & their salts

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21
Q

To Contain (TC)

A

blow out

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22
Q

To Deliver (TD)

A

let drain

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23
Q

Volumetric flasks

A

the line indicates the level that contains an exact volume

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24
Q

Erlenmeyer flasks

A

hold variable volumes

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25
Q

Graduated cylinders

A

hold variable volumes

26
Q

Dilution

A

the reciprocal of the original volume to the final volume

27
Q

Accuracy

A

observations that are close to the “true” or “correct” value

28
Q

Precision

A

observations that are reproducible or repeatable

29
Q

Standard Deviation (SD)

A

measures dispersion

30
Q

Factors affecting reference ranges:

A

age, sex, diet, medications, physical activity, pregnancy, personal habits, geographic location, body weight, lab instruments, lab reagents

31
Q

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

A

SD as a % of the mean, compares different data groups

32
Q

Z-score

A

converts observations into its distance from the mean in SDs

33
Q

Levy-Jennings Chart

A

graph of QC data in terms of SDs from the mean

34
Q

RACE

A

Rescue-remove patients from immediate harm
Alarm- pull fire alarm
Contain- close doors and windows
Extinguish- …fire

35
Q

Class A

A

paper, wood, plastic, fabrics

36
Q

Class B

A

Flammable liquids, gasses

37
Q

Class C

A

Electical

38
Q

Class D

A

Combustible metals

39
Q

Spectrophotometry

A

scattered light

40
Q

Nephelometry

A

measures scattered light at a 90 degree angle

41
Q

Turbidimetry

A

measures transmitted light at a 180 degree angle

42
Q

Fluorometry

A

90 degree angle, emitted light at a longer wavelength than initial wavelength

43
Q

Highest absorbance concentration?

A

2

44
Q

Atomic absorption

A

ground level energy, metal atoms absorb light, cannot be molecule because then it would fry

45
Q

Anodes

A

positive

46
Q

Anions

A

negative

47
Q

Cations

A

positive

48
Q

Cathode

A

negative

49
Q

Anodes attract?

A

Anion

50
Q

Cathodes attract?

A

Cations

51
Q

Factors that affect migration rates & molecules:

A

molecular weight, molecular shape, molecular electrical charge in the buffer (buffer pH), supporting media, temp, electrical voltage, migration time

52
Q

Electrophoresis

A

charged molecules migrate through an electrical field

53
Q

Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE)

A

electrolytes alter electrical potential in an electrochemical cell

54
Q

Osmometers

A

measure total dissolved molecules & atoms by freezing point depression or vapor pressure

55
Q

Oximetry

A

variation of spectrophotometry, commonly performed during Blood Gas analysis to measure different forms of hemoglobin

56
Q

Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)

A

electrophoresis of antigens is followed by the addition of various antibodies to a parallel trough along the separated proteins

57
Q

Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE)

A

Antibody is poured over a completed electrophoresis procedure (performed on an agar surface) to produce visible precipitation lines, commonly used to measure immunoglobulin classes, as well as free kappa and lambda chains

58
Q

Rocket (Laurell Technique)

A

Antigen (proteins) undergo electrophoresis in a supporting agarose gel with specific antibody previously mixed into the gel, the length of these “rockets” is proportional to the concentration of antigen

59
Q

Competitive Immunoassays

A

competition between tagged and untagged antigen for limited antibody

60
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, will have the antibody or antigen attached to a solid surface

61
Q

EMIT

A

technique that utilizes steric hindrance of the enzyme tag

62
Q

Fluorescence Polarization

A

utilizes the ability of antibody-antigen complexes to absorb & transmit polarized light

Clinical Chemistry (16 decks)

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