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Clinical Chemistry > C14 Carboydrates > Flashcards

C14 Carboydrates Flashcards

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0
Q

lipids

A

fats

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1
Q

3 types of molecules that provide chemical energy to our cells?

A

lipids, amino acids, & carbohydrates

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2
Q

amino acids

A

proteins

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars & starches

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4
Q

All carbs have the?

A

C=O and -OH groups

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5
Q

2 types of carbohydrates?

A

aldose & ketose

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6
Q

aldose

A

aldehyde group

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7
Q

ketose

A

ketone group

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8
Q

monosaccharides

A

single carbohydrate molecules

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9
Q

disaccharides

A

2 sugar linked together

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10
Q

oligosaccharides

A

2-10 linked sugars

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11
Q

polysacchardies

A

long sugar chains

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12
Q

common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, & galactose

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13
Q

common disaccharides

A

sucrose & lactose

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14
Q

sucrose is?

A

glucose and fructose =table sugar

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15
Q

lactose is?

A

glucose & galactose

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16
Q

glucose is the main source of energy for?

A

cellular metabolism

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17
Q

What type of tissues don’t store glucose?

A

nerve tissues

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18
Q

What breaks down starches into simpler carbohydrates?

A

amylase

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19
Q

the biochemical pathways that generate ATP?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway & Hexose monophosphate shunt

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20
Q

steroisomers

A

molecules with the same chemical formula but a different spatial orientation

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21
Q

reducing sugars:

A

glucose, maltose, lactose, fructose & galactose

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22
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose for energy production

23
Q

glycogenesis

A

excess glucose is converted & stored as glycogen, high concentrations in liver & skeletal muscles, it is a quickly accessible form of glucose

24
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose, occurs when plasma glucose is decreased

25
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of amino acids into glucose, takes place mainly in the liver

26
Q

lipogenesis

A

conversion of carbs into fatty acids

27
Q

organs involved in glucose regulation?

A

pancreas, liver, and endocrine glands

28
Q

pancreas

A

synthesizes hormones insulin and glucagon

29
Q

liver

A

glucose > glycogen > glucose

30
Q

endocrine glands

A

hormones

31
Q

decreased plasma glucose?

A

glycogenolysis in the liver releases glucose into the plasma

32
Q

plasma glucose is increased?

A

glycogenesis stores glucose as glycogen

33
Q

insulin

A

synthesized in the pancreas beta- cells of the Islets of Langerhans, released when plasma glucose is increased

34
Q

Insulin is the only hormone that?

A

decreases plasma glucose

35
Q

glucagon

A

2nd most important glucose regulatory hormone, synthesized by pancreas alpha cells

36
Q

glucagon increases?

A

plasma glucose concentration

37
Q

effects of glucagon

A

increases glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

38
Q

epinephrine

A

synthesized by adrenal medulla, “fight or flight”, increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

39
Q

cortisol

A

adrenal medulla

40
Q

growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary

41
Q

thyroxine

A

thyroid gland

42
Q

DM 1

A

insulin deficiency, juvenile onset, autoimmune destruction of beta cells

43
Q

DM 2

A

Adult onset, NIDDM, no ketoacidosis, insulin resistant

44
Q

diabetes

A

metabolic disease characterized by increased plasma glucose concentration (hyperglycemia) resulting from inadequate insulin or inadequate response to insulin

45
Q

gestational diabetes

A

glucose intolerance during pregnancy

46
Q

Criteria for Diagnosing Diabetes

A

8 hr fasting plasma glucose levels >= 126 mg/DL, 2 hr post prandial (75 grams) w/ glucose levels >= 200 mg/DL, random glucose >=200 w/ symptoms, A1C >6.5%

47
Q

What is the common cause of hypoglycemia?

A

Insulin overdose

48
Q

Von Gierke Disease?

A

Glycogen storage disease

49
Q

Decreased CSF glucose values suggest

A

Bacteria meningitis bc they are consuming glucose as an energy source

50
Q

Normal or increased CSF glucose suggests?

A

Viral meningitis

51
Q

Glucose Oxidase methodology

A

Measures the consumption of oxygen

52
Q

Glucosylated hemoglobin

A

Plasma hemoglobin interacts with hemoglobin to form stable hemoglobin glucose compounds, proportional to average plasma glucose concentration over an 8-12 wk time

53
Q

What is the most commonly measured glycosylated hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin A1c

54
Q

Ketones

A

By products of lipolysis

55
Q

Microalbuminuria

A

Associated with early renal damage

Clinical Chemistry (16 decks)

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