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Vertebrae Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the order of activity that a voltage-gated Na+ channel goes through during an actionable potential: starting at the resting potential, then when membrane Vm is sufficiently depolarized, and finally during the refractory period?

A

Channel is closed, channel opens, channel is inactivated

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1
Q

A single motor neuron and the myofibrils on which it synapses is called a:

A

Motor unit

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2
Q

What neurotransmitter is NOT derived from an amino acid?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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3
Q

_______ aid in regeneration of cut axons in the PNS; whereas glial scars formed from _________ will block axon regeneration in the CNS

A

Schwann cells; astrocytes

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4
Q

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is?

A

Glutamate

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5
Q

Sensory neurons are an example of ________ and motor neurons are an example of ________?

A

Afferents; efferents

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6
Q

An increase in sarcoplasmic Ca++ causes muscular contraction by?

A

Binding to tropic, which shifts the position of tropomyosin on actin

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7
Q

If a neurotransmitter causes an increase in cAMP in the post synaptic cell, then the receptions are probably:

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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8
Q

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is:

A

GABA

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9
Q

Rigor Mortis is caused by?

A

The slow leakage of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

The knee-jerk reflex is usually suppressed in normal subjects because?

A

Descending input from the cerebral cortex inhibits the synapse in the spinal cord

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11
Q

Stimulus intensity is encoded by neurons as the ______?

A

Rate of firing of action potentials

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a difference between neuropeptides and small classical neurotransmitters (NTs)?

A

Neuropeptides are not co-localized in neurons with classical NTs

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13
Q

______________ allow for saltatory conduction

A

Myelin and nodes of Ranvier

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14
Q

Voltage-gated _______ channels are responsible for the DEpolarization of neurons; whereas ____ channels cause REpolarization of neurons.

A

Na+ ; K+

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15
Q

The _______ stimulates the fusion of synaptic vesicles that results in exocytosis of neurotransmitters into the synapse.

A

Ca2+ -protein complex

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16
Q

The mongoose is resistant to the venom of a cobra because

A

The venom does not bind to the evolved acetylcholine receptors of the mongoose

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17
Q

Gap junctions are an integral part of?

A

An electrical synapse

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18
Q

Astrocytes in the CNS provide energy for neurons by converting glucose into _______

A

Lactate

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19
Q

Positive and negative inputs are summated in the ___________ of the neuron

A

Dendrites

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20
Q

The plasma membrane is a barrier to what types of molecules?

A

Large
Polar molecules
EX: proteins, nucleic acids

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21
Q

What falls under Carrier-Mediated transport?

A

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

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22
Q

In simple diffusion how does the solute move on the concentration gradient?

A

Moves down the concentration gradient

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23
Q

Rate of diffusion:
Increases with? (3)
Decreases with? (1)

A 
Increases with: 
                         Temperature
                          Concentration gradient
Decreases with:
                          Distance
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24
Q

Things that CAN diffuse across a cell membrane

A 
Nonpolar molecules (lipids, steroids, etc.)
Small gas molecules
Ions through protein channels (if they're open)
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25
Q

How does water move in Osmosis?

A

Low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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26
Q

How strongly a concentrated solution pulls water by osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

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27
Q

Equal osmotic concentration on each side

A

Isotonic

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28
Q

Less concentrated solution: lower osmotic pressure

A

Hypotonic

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29
Q

More concentrated solution: higher osmotic pressure

A

Hypertonic

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30
Q

Osmotic concentration of a solution is determined by number of _________

A

Particles of a compound

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31
Q

Osmotic concentration is measured in _______

A

Osmolality

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32
Q

Body tries to maintain constant osmotic concentration of ____ Osm for both intracellular and Extracellular fluids

A

0.3

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33
Q

If _____ is too high, then animal will try to dilute blood with water

A

NaCl

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34
Q

Carrier-Mediated Transport are mediated by?

A

Carrier proteins

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35
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

Moves how?

A

Down its concentration gradient

36
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

How does it get it’s energy?

A

Does not require ATP; uses potential energy of concentration gradient

37
Q

Primary Active Transport

How does it move?

A

Up the concentration gradient

38
Q

Primary Active Transport

How does it get energy?

A

ATPase breaks down ATP to release energy

39
Q

Coupled Active Transport

How does it move?

A

Molecule 1 moves down concentration gradient

Molecule 2 moves up concentration gradient

40
Q

Coupled Active Transport

How does it use energy?

A

Uses energy to establish steep concentration gradient for molecule 1

41
Q

What is the saturable transport of simple diffusion?

A

Non-saturable transport

42
Q

What is the saturable transport of Carrier Mediated Transport?

A

Saturated transport

43
Q

Facilitated diffusion can be _______ by increasing or decreasing the number of transporters

A

Regulated

44
Q

__ Na+ out, __ K+ in for every 1 ATP molecule

A

3 ; 2

45
Q

Vm

A

Vinside - Voutside

46
Q

________ charges on inside of cell

________ charges on outside of cell

A

Negative ; positive

47
Q

Concentration of ions inside and outside reaches equilibrium (stays constant)

A

Equilibrium potential

48
Q

Voutside always equals

A

0 mV

49
Q

Chemical driving force

Depends on?

A

Concentration gradient across membrane

50
Q

Electrical driving force

Depends on?

A

Electrical potential

51
Q

K+ has chemical driving force ___ of cell, but electrical driving force ____ cell

A

Out ; into

52
Q

Na+ ions have both chemical driving force and electrical driving force ___ the cell

A

Into

53
Q

Vm is dependent on?

A

Most permeable ion

54
Q

The most permeable ion is?

A

K+

55
Q

Because K+ has the highest permeability, it has the _______ flux and so contributes the ____ to the overall membrane potential

A

Highest flux

Contributes the most

56
Q

Parts of the CNS

A

Brain

Spinal cord

57
Q

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in brain (gray matter)

A

Nucleus

58
Q

Bundle of axons connecting regions of the brain & spinal cord (white matter)

A

Tract

59
Q

Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral body

A

Ganglion

60
Q

Bundle of axons surrounded by glial cells in periphery

A

Nerve

61
Q

Somatic motor neurons go towards?

A

Skeletal muscles

62
Q

Autonomic motor neurons go towards?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands

63
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Provide electrical insulation, nutrition, and growth factors to neurons

64
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Insulate peripheral axons

65
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Insulate brain & spinal neurons

66
Q

What CANT regenerate?

A

Central nerves

67
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Provide nutrition to brain & spinal neurons.
Take up glucose from blood, convert to lactate, released for neurons.
Remove excess K+ and neurotransmitters from intracellular space

68
Q

Depolarization becomes more ______

A

Positive

Excitation

69
Q

Hyperpolarization becomes more ____

A

Negative

Inhibition

70
Q

What does tetrodoxin do? (Puffer fish)

A

Blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels

71
Q

Differences between Electrical synapse delay and Chemical synapse delay?

A

Electrical synapse: no delay

Chemical synapse: 1-5 ms delay

72
Q

Differences between electrical synapse transmission and chemical synapse transmission?

A

Electrical synapse: bidirectional transmission

Chemical synapse: unidirectional transmission

73
Q

Influx of Na+ raises Vm

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential (epsp)

74
Q

Influx of Cl- lowers Vm

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp)

75
Q

If multiple epsp’s combine to raise Vm above threshold for action potential, then neuron will?

A

Fire an action potential

76
Q

If ipsp’s combine with epsp’s, then lower Vm due to ipsp will cancel out epsp’s and action potentials will be?

A

Inhibited

77
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

78
Q

What is the effect of glutamate and GABA on ligand-gated receptors?

A

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

79
Q

What does the synthetic pathway for the catecholamines look like?

A

Tyrosine ——-> DOPA ——–> Dopamine

80
Q

What’s the difference between ligand-gated ion channel receptors VS G-protein coupled receptors

A

Ligand-gated : neurotransmitter binds to CHANNEL protein, causing it to open and allow ions to move into the cell

G-Protein coupled receptors : neurotransmitter binds to RECEPTOR protein, which activates a complex of G-proteins

81
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscles attached to bones by tendons

82
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Muscles in circular layers around blood vessels. Air passages, etc

83
Q

Internal storage of Ca++ ions

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

Motor neuron innervates one group of muscle fibers

A

Motor unit

85
Q

What does acetylcholine do in Neuromuscular junction?

A

Binds to nicotinic receptors

86
Q

What does bungarotoxin do? (Snake venom)

A

Binds tightly to ACh receptor

87
Q

What does curare do? (Plant toxin)

A

Binds weakly to ACh receptor

Vertebrae Physiology (3 decks)

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