Exam #1

Question 1

_______________(1) produced the first photosynthetic eukaryotes. ______(1) were photosynthesizing long before that.

Answer 1

(1) primary endosymbiosis
(2) prokaryotes

Question 2

_____________(1) led to rapid diversification of land plants.

Answer 2

vascular tissues

Question 3

_________________(1) increase the reproductive success of angiosperms

Answer 3

(1) flowers and fruits

Question 4

What are three examples of land plants?

Answer 4

moss, fern, and flowering plants

Question 5

Eukaryotes include _________(4 items)

Answer 5

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Question 6

The term protist is used to describe

Answer 6

any eukaryote that is NOT a plant, animal, or fungus. It does not describe a formal taxonomic group, but is a convenience term.

Question 7

Which protists are able to photosynthesize?

Answer 7

Euglenozoans(chloroplasts that arose via secondary symbiosis)

dinoflagellates(the photosynthetic part that lives inside choral)

Diatoms(the lungs of the earth, produce as much o2 as the rainforests do)

Brown algae(look like underwater trees but are protists)

Question 8

Apicomplexans(i.e. parasites) can not photosynthesize. How do they produce their energy?

Answer 8

live off of their hosts

Question 9

Choanoflagellates

Answer 9

sweep in other unicellular protists and eat them, predators

Question 10

Archaeplastida means “ancient plastids”. What is the synapomorphy of archaeplastida?

Answer 10

chloroplasts that developed via primary endosymbiosis

Plasmodesmata(specialized junctions between cells— allows cells to communicate with one another)

Protected embryo, cuticle, multicellular sporophyte, gametangia

Question 11

Out of the protists that are able to photosynthesize, did their chloroplasts arise from primary, secondary, or tertiary endosymbiosis? What about the chloroplasts in archaeplastida?

Answer 11

Euglenozoans: secondary

dinoflagellates: secondary and tertiary

Diatoms: secondary or tertiary

Brown algae(stramenopiles): secondary or tertiary

archaeplastida: the only primary endosymbiosis(this is where their name comes from, because they are the first plastids, and the other ones gobbled archaeplastida)

Question 12

what is the synapomorphy for euglenozoans?

Answer 12

chloroplasts that arose via secondary symbiosis

Question 13

chloroplasts that arose via secondary symbiosis is an example of _______(1)

Answer 13

(1) convergent evolution

Question 14

What is some evidence that we have for the fact that chloroplasts arose through endosymbiosis?

Answer 14

• the content of the membranes: they have 2 membranes, the lipids that make up the membrane are similar to the lipids that you would see in cyanobacteria
• have their own ribosomes
• have their own DNA(only some)

Question 15

True or False: Primary endosymbiosis by a unicellular eukaryote resulted in the engulfment of a photosynthetic bacterium that over time became the chloroplast

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False: Modern plants have DNA both in their nucleus and in their chloroplasts

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True of false: Plant chloroplasts still contain DNA inherited from a photosynthetic bacterium

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False: Endosymbiosis of a chloroplast by a non photosynthetic bacterium produced the ancestor of palnts

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Each plant cell may contain many chloroplasts, but only one nucleus

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Can endosymbiosis occur by a bacterium?

Answer 20

No, it can only happen with eukaryotes

Question 21

Adaptations of land plants prevent water loss

Answer 21

Plants went from being completely surrounded by water to not; needed to find a way to prevent water loss. A lot of adaptations had to do with preventing water loss

1. Stem & roots to support the plant, anchor it, fight against gravity
2. Roots: absorbing water and minerals from the soil
3. Leaves/shoot system: perform photosynthesis and gas exchange; taking in CO2 and expelling O2.

More specialization in the plant!

Question 22

Leaves have

Answer 22

cuticle: a waxy coating, prevents organisms from drying out

stomata: closable openings, openings that have a gate, this is where the gas exchange happens. this is important because it lets the plant control when the gas exchange happens and prevent water loss

Question 23

Roots specialize in

Answer 23

taking up water, with help from mutualistic fungi

Question 24

Gamestes are enclosed by

Answer 24

gametangia

they are responsible for making the gametes and protecting them

Question 25

embryos(young plants)

Answer 25

are contained within a protective structure

Question 26

Plant spend some of their time being haploid and some time being diploid. When a plant is diploid, we call it a ______. The haploid part of a plant is called the ________.

Answer 26

1. sporophyte
2. gametophyte