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General Biology II > Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses > Flashcards

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The theory and practice of classifying oragnisms

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2
Q

Why study taxonomy?

A

Understand the evolution of organisms

study vaccines

extinction

being able to study organisms by seeing what they’re related to(ex. studying humans by looking at rats)

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3
Q

Where do viruses fall on the tree of life?

A

they dont, because viruses are not alive and can not replicate on their own

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4
Q

Is salmonella a prokaryote?

A

yes

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5
Q

To which domain of life does salmonella belong to?

A

bacteria and prokaryotic archaea

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6
Q

Characteristic: Membrane lipids with branched hydrocarbons

A

arachea

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7
Q

Characteristic: Chromosomes are circular

A

arachea, bacteria

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8
Q

Characteristic: lacks nuclear envelope

A

arachea, bacteria

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9
Q

Characteristic:lacks membrane bound organelles

A

arachea, bacteria

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10
Q

Characteristic: lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall

A

arachea, eukarya

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11
Q

Characteristic: Histones are associated with DNA

A

arachea, eukarya

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12
Q

Prokaryotic archaea have phospholipids that are

A

branched and use ether linkages(different head)

eukaryotes and bacteria dont have this

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13
Q

Is salmonella a bacteria or archaea?

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Two animals are part of the same species if they can

A

reproduce and have fertile offspring

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15
Q

DO bacteria mate?

A

no, they divide by binary fission

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16
Q

How do you determine if two bacteria are part of the same species?

A

DNA sequence

sometimes the only synapomorphy for a bacteria isn that they share the same sequence for a ribosomal even

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17
Q

Salmonella are gram-________(1). What does this mean?

A

gram negative

bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan and a bonus outer membrane. There are certain antibiotics that work better on gram negative vs gram positive bacteria. this

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18
Q

Salmonella are facultatively __________(1) bacteria. What does this mean?

A

anaerobic

they can grow without oxygen. facultative means that they can tolerate there being no oxygen, but they dont require there to be no oxygen

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19
Q

What is a spore? Can salmonella form spores?

A

a really tough outer coating that a bacteria can form, it allows the bacteria to hide away for hundred and thousands of years and then come back

No salmonella can not form spores

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20
Q

Are salmonella motile?

A

yes

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21
Q

What is a salmonella’s carbon source?

A

citrate

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22
Q

True or false: gram negative bacteria lack peptidoglycan

A

false

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23
Q

do antibiotics work against bacteria or viruses?

A

only bacteria

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24
Q

What color will a gram stain be if the bacteria is gram negative?

A

pink/red

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25
Do bacteria have cell walls
yes
26
Do prokaryotic trachea have cell walls
yes
27
How can cell walls be a weakness?
Bacterial cell walls are often the target of antibiotics
28
Why dont antibiotics harm our cells?
We lack cell walls
29
Other than cell walls, what are other targets for antibiotics?
ribsoomes
30
How is salmonella similar to other bacteria?
It can form biofilms
31
What is biofilm? What is an example of biofilm?
- Cells contact a solid surface, excrete a gel-like polysaccharide mix. The matrix traps other cells. It is difficult to kill cells in a biofilm(e.g. the film may be impenetrable to antibiotics) can happen in any aqueous environment. Different species can work together Quorum sensing allows the bacteria to communicate with each other to form the biofilm. Pili are the protein that allow the bacteria to connect with one another. The bacteria excrete extracellular fluid that acts as cement and holds the bacteria tougher. this is not permanent tho, and the bacteria can leave the biofilm. happens if they are in an environment without food Plaque on teeth is a biofilm
32
Are all bacteria harmful to humans?
No ex. gut bacteria are helpful for digestion, fight against disease
33
Which organism has the most number of organisms? most successful in terms of the number of organisms
prokaryotes They live everywhere(extremely hot temps, extremely alkane, anaerobic or aerobic, on other plants, etc.)
34
Plants and bacteria form cooperative ____(1) nodules in the plant roots
(1) nitrogen-fixing take nitrogen from the air and make it in a form that is more avail for the plant to use
35
Bacteria part of us is called
the microbiome
36
Other than salmonella what are the other four interesting prokaryotes you should know? Are they bacteria or archaea?
Bacteria - Firmicutes: Staph. auerus - Cyanobacteria: cyanobacteria - proteobacteria: E. coli and Salmonella Archaea - Crenarchaeota: sulfolobus
37
Firmicutes
- Gram postiive - Low FC content bacteria: referring to their DNA, in this bacteria you will see more G's and C's than you would otherwise
38
What is an example of firmicute?
Staphylococcus aureus - lives harmlessly on skin surfaces(may even outcompete other harmful bacteria) - Can cause impetigo, toxic shock syndrome if it gets in the bloodstream - variant: MRSA --> resistant to antibiotics
39
talk about cyanobacteria
photosynthesis evolved in the cyanobacteria Dont have organelles or chloroplasts
40
How would evolution have been different if there were no cyanobacteria?
1. chloroplasts might not have evolved: got engulfed by eukaryotes 2. Life on land would not have been possible: O2 gives rise to ozone which prevents UV light from damaging organisms and allowing them to live on land
41
What are examples of proteobacteria?
proteobacteria: E. coli and Salmonella Synapomorphy: similar ribosomal RNA gene sequence E. coli - most strains are not harmful and are part of normal human gut microbiome - Some strains cause human disease Salmonella - Not part of normal human gut microbiome
42
Crenarchaeota
Synapomorphy: Usually live in hot, acidic places - thermophilic: live in hot sulfur springs - acidophilic: grow best at low pHs example: sulfolobus
43
What are viruses and how are they classified
Viruses are not alive. they are made up of a: - Nucleic acid - Capsid(protein coat) - optional envelope: lipid membrane
44
What is the relative size of bacteria and viruses?
Bacteria are much bigger than virus.
45
Viruses can be made of
DNA or RNA
46
Viruses made of ____(1) tend to accumulate mutations more quickly
RNA
47
Is HIV a virus that is enveloped?
yes
48
Is COVID a virus that is enveloped?
yes
49
Is the flu a virus that is enveloped?
yes
50
Is norovirus a virus that is enveloped?
no
51
How did viruses evolve?
viruses escaping from RNA in protocells, DNA in protocells. It can also come from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
52
Can viruses infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
yes
53
Comparing coronavirus and flu, what are the commonalities? what about the differences?
Commonalities: - similar symptoms - Airborne - mutate quickly - both have proteins that are protruding Differences: - FLu: 2 types of surface proteins - Coronavirus: 1 type of spike eprotein(spike protein)
54
What part of the coronavirus structure is the target for vaccines?
spike protein
55
Is covid made of DNA or RNA?
rna, only one strand
56
What are the two proteins on the flu virus? What are they each responsible for?
HA protein(hemagglutinin): attaches to cell virus that is infecting NA protein(neuraminidase): snips newly-made viruses away from cell
57
Coronavirus has ______ RNA molecule(s) per viru particle, while influenza has ________
1 8
58
How do new virus strains(and variants!) evolve?
Coronavirus: two strandss RECOMBINE(i.e. cut and glue) to form a new variant influenza: REASSORTMENT
59
How does viral reassortment work?
two viruses of different strains infect the same cell the rna of the viruses is cut and pasted together A new virus strain results Dangerous new flu viruses arise via reassortment
60
we are worried about what type of mutation in bird flu?
a variant that allows for human-to-human transmission
61
What animal is a flu reservoir?
birds
62
what is a reservoir for coronavirus?
bats
63
mRNA vaccines contain
a small piece of the SARS-CoV-2 genome which codes for a part of the spike protein. You body manufactures antibodies for it to help build immunity
64
What are the two domains of life?
bacteria and archaea(which eukarya are a part of)
65
What is lateral gene transfer?
A gene you got from a strange source(like through endosymbiosis) moving sideways in the tree
66
What is vertical gene transfer?
a gene you got from a parent
67
Lateral gene transfer can occur between two different species of bacteria. In bacterial transduction, ______(1). In bacterial transformation _______(2).
(1) a virus accidentally moves a gene from one bacterium to another of a different species (2) a bacterium takes up DNA from a dead, unrelated bacterium.

General Biology II (11 decks)

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