Exam 1 Flashcards
Were oranges native to the Americas before European colonization?
False
Are grapes used in the production of wine in Texas
True
Did ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Mesopotamians practice horticulture for both food and ornamental purposes
True
Did the introduction of new crops like citrus and olives improve American agriculture?
True
Did plants contribute to the stabilization of Earth’s soils
True
Was Cooksonia an early example of a vascular plant
True
Did vascular tissue enable plants to grow taller and transport nutrients
True
Were stomata essential for gas exchange in early land plant
True
Does horticulture have cultural value by preserving plant species
True
Did plants play a major role in transforming Earth’s atmosphere by producing oxygen?
True
Does horticulture contribute to the economy by creating jobs in agriculture, landscaping, and garden design
True
Was lignin crucial for structural support in plants
True
Did the cuticle serve as a barrier to water loss for plants
True
Did early forests contribute to significant carbon storage in the Earth
True
Do all land plants rely on spores for reproduction
False
Can horticulture increase food security by enhancing local production of fruits and vegetables
True
Is horticulture important for supporting biodiversity by cultivating diverse plant species
True
Was the transition to land easy for early plants due to abundant water
False
Did Thomas Jefferson have a vineyard at Monticello
True
Is pomology the study of ornamental plants
False
Did the evolution of flowers enhance plant reproduction through animal pollination
True
Did the Carboniferous period see a dominance of ferns and horsetails
True
Is the olive tree native to North America
False
Did bryophytes, such as mosses, lack vascular tissues
True
Did the Columbian Exchange include the transfer of crops like tomatoes and potatoes to the Old World?
True
Were early plants dependent on water for reproduction
True
Did the Columbian Exchange have an impact on the global spread of crops like citrus and grapes?
True
Did the evolution of seeds allow plants to colonize drier areas?
True
Did seed plants emerge before ferns in evolutionary history?
False
Is the history of horticulture closely tied to the development of agriculture and the domestication of plants?
True
Was the USDA created after the founding of the United States?
True
Are oranges a native crop to the United States?
False
Is horticulture only concerned with food crops?
False
Did olives, grapes, and citrus play a significant role in Mediterranean agriculture?
True
Were algae the ancestors of land plants?
True
Are gymnosperms known for producing cones instead of flowers?
True
Does horticulture play a role in improving mental health by providing therapeutic spaces like gardens?
True
Did Thomas Jefferson experiment with growing olive trees at Monticello?
True
Is lignin found in the cell walls of vascular plants?
True
Were the first land plants limited to moist environments?
True
The primary function of stems is to absorb water from the soil.
False
The vascular tissue in plants consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water, nutrients, and sugars.
True
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are involved in energy production in plant cells
True
The epidermis in plant roots serves as a barrier to prevent water absorption.
False
Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants.
True
The epidermis of a stem is primarily responsible for photosynthesis.
False
Stomata are found only on the underside of leaves.
False
Potato tubers are modified roots.
False (specialized stems)
The phloem transports sugars and organic compounds in the root system.
True
The xylem in stems transports sugars and other organic materials.
False
A leaf’s mesophyll is divided into the palisade and spongy layers.
True
The pericycle in roots is responsible for the initiation of lateral roots.
True
The cell wall provides structural support and protection to plant cells.
True
The cuticle layer on a leaf prevents water loss.
True
The palisade layer contains the most chloroplasts in a leaf.
True
Dicot leaves typically have vascular bundles arranged in parallel lines.
False
Chloroplasts are responsible for cellular respiration in plant cells.
False
Transpiration occurs only during the day.
False
Monocots have parallel leaf venation, while dicots have net-like venation.
True
Tendrils are modified stems that help plants climb and support themselves.
True
Phloem tissue in stems moves water upward to the leaves.
False
The xylem transports water and minerals.
True
The root cap protects the growing tip of the root and helps it penetrate the soil.
True
The plasma membrane controls the movement of materials into and out of the plant cell.
True
Root cortex primarily functions to store starch in roots.
True
Plastids are a group of organelles in plant cells that include chloroplasts.
True
The Casparian strip regulates water movement into the vascular tissue of roots.
True
The pith is located in the central part of a stem and serves as a storage tissue.
True
The Golgi apparatus in plant cells packages and modifies proteins and lipids for transport.
True
Root hairs are responsible for nutrient absorption in plant roots.
True
Generally speaking, all plants have the same type of vascular tissues in their stems.
True
Spines in cacti are modified leaves that reduce water loss.
True
The endodermis is the outermost layer of cells in the root that absorbs water directly from the soil.
False
Fibrous roots are characteristic of monocots.
True
Stolon, tubers and bulbs are modified stems.
True
Mitochondria are involved in photosynthesis in plant cells.
False
The vacuole stores water, nutrients, and waste products in plant cells.
True
The function of stomata is to control gas exchange and water loss in leaves.
True
The nucleus in a plant cell is responsible for storing water and nutrients.
False
The cytoplasm in plant cells is responsible for housing all organelles and facilitating intracellular processes.
True
The pistil is the female reproductive organ of a flower.
True
The cork cambium produces new roots in plants.
False
Primary growth occurs only at the tips of roots and shoots, leading to an increase in plant height.
True
Primary growth in plants results in an increase in length through the activity of apical meristems.
True
Flowers develop from vegetative buds in most plants.
False
The terminal bud is located at the base of the plant and contributes to lateral growth.
False
Flowering is controlled by photoperiod, temperature, and plant age.
True
Cell division is the dominant process in the early stages of fruit development.
True
Bees are commonly used to aid in cross-pollination.
True
Vascular cambium arises between the primary xylem and phloem in plants.
True
Secondary growth in roots and stems occurs only in herbaceous plants.
False
Secondary growth is responsible for the formation of new leaves and flowers in plants.
False
Thinning is a horticultural technique used to reduce fruit size.
True
Bud differentiation involves the formation of leaves, flowers, or new shoots from meristematic cells.
True
Bud differentiation determines whether a bud will develop into a leaf, flower, or shoot, depending on environmental and other factors.
True
The style is the long, slender part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary.
True
Secondary growth in plants increases the plant’s height.
False
Sugar accumulation is part of physiological changes during fruit development.
True
The cambium is responsible for producing the outer protective bark in woody plants.
true
Photoperiod affects both flowering and dormancy.
true
Only plants that are angiosperms (flowering plants) can produce fruits.
True
The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
True
Dormancy is a period of metabolic inactivity or minimal growth.
True
Petals are primarily responsible for attracting pollinators.
True
Chilling requirements refer to periods of high temperature necessary for bud break.
False
Lateral buds are responsible for branching and the formation of new shoots.
True
The color change in fruit is typically a sign of the ripening process.
True
Maturation and ripening are different processes. Maturation is the fruit reaching full size, while ripening involves changes in flavor, texture, and color.
True
A fruit’s primary function is to aid in the dispersal of seeds to help ensure the plant’s reproduction.
True
Ripening is a stage in fruit development where the fruit becomes more palatable and aromatic.
True
In woody plants, secondary growth can produce annual growth rings visible in cross-sections of stems.
True
The vascular cambium produces both secondary xylem and secondary phloem during secondary growth.
True
The cambium is active throughout the plant’s life cycle and continuously adds new growth rings.
True
The growth of secondary xylem results in the thickening of the bark in plants.
False
Pruning encourages uniform bud break.
True
The cork cambium forms a protective outer layer in plants, often called the periderm.
True
Primary growth results from the activity of lateral meristems.
False
Maturation refers to the process where a fruit reaches its full size and is ready for ripening.
True
The stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower.
True
The ovary of a flower contains the ovules, which develop into seeds.
True
Carbon dioxide is an input of photosynthesis.
True
Glycolysis takes place in the chloroplasts.
False
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate, which enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria.
True
C4 and CAM pathways are adaptations to reduce photorespiration.
True
ATP and NADPH are products of the Calvin cycle.
False
The main product of photosynthesis is oxygen.
False
C4 plants thrive better in high temperatures compared to C3 plants.
True
One molecule of glucose can produce more than 30 ATP in cellular respiration.
True
Chlorophyll absorbs green light most efficiently.
False
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
True
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants.
False
Plant respiration rates decrease significantly during the night because photosynthesis stops.
False
During cellular respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
True
Glucose produced in photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration.
true
The Calvin cycle is a light-dependent reaction.
False
The CAM pathway is highly efficient in energy production but requires high water availability.
False
Respiration occurs in all cells, including at night when photosynthesis stops.
True
NADH and FADH₂ are electron carriers involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
true
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes from water.
true
ATP is generated during glycolysis without the involvement of oxygen.
True
The Krebs cycle releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
True
The Calvin cycle directly produces ATP for cellular respiration.
False
Water is a by-product of photosynthesis.
False
The photosynthesis equation includes the conversion of light energy into chemical energy
True
Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria of plant cells.
true
Photorespiration increases the efficiency of cellular respiration in C3 plants.
False
CAM plants fix CO₂ at night to reduce water loss.
True
Temperature has no effect on photosynthesis.
False
C4 plants minimize photorespiration by spatially separating CO₂ fixation and the Calvin cycle.
True
The C3 pathway is more efficient than the C4 pathway under hot and dry conditions.
False
Oxidative phosphorylation produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration.
True
