Exam 1 Flashcards
small membrane enclosed units filled with concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals
cell
what distinguishes life from other processes
heredity
cells have been diversifying and evolving for how long
3.5+ billion years
all cells store genetic info as what
DNA
totality of cell info
genome
all ells rep hereditary info by what
templated polymerization
nucleotide contains what
sugar with phos attached, base
each sugar in amino acid linked to next via wha t
phos group
how are bp connecte d
h bonds
segments of DNA used as templates for synthesis of shorter molecules of RNA
transcription
RNA -> prot
translation
backbone of RNA formed by
ribos
rna transcripts are..
mass prod, disposable
each aa built around…
core structure
segment of DNA seq corresponding to single protein or RNA molecule
gene
bonds holding genetic info together must be strong enough to resist…
disordering effects
cell membrane has what properties
amphiphilic
hydrophobic tails are what
hydrocarbon polymers
purpose of cell membrane
import raw materials, export waste
random thermal motions of molecules
brownian motion
what drives diffusion
brownian motion
random thermal motions used in a directed way
brownian ratchet
minimum amount of genes a cell can have
500
3 domains of life
eukaryotes, archaea, prokaryote s
species judged on how closely related they are by what
looking at similarities of their ribosomal RNA inside ribosomes
prokaryotes include what
bacteria, archaea
usually larger, contain membrane bound organelles, larger genomes
eukaryotes
eukaryotes include
plants, animals fungi
most diverse group of organism on planet
bacteria
most poorly understood domain
archaea
amount of biomass in decreasing order
plants, bacteria, archaea, animals
feeds on rock
litho tropic
large amount of what needed to drive rxn used to make organic compounds needed for further biosynthesis
free E
alterations to nucleotide seq
mutation
in most cases, does mutation affect organism
no
existing gene can be randomly modified by changes in its DNA seq, through various types of errors that occur in the process of repare
intragenic mutation
existing gene can be accidmntlyt duplicated creating pair of initially identical genes with in a cell,
gene duplication
2 o r more existing genes can break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belongs to serrate genes
DNA segment shuffling
piece of DNA can be transferred from the genome of one cell to that of another including between species
horizontal gene transfer
genes in 2 separate species that derive form the same ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of those 2 species
orthologs
related genes that have resulted from gene duplication event with single genome and are likely to have diverged in their function
paralogs
DNA polymers with protein
chromosomes
double layer membrane around nuc, separates DNA from cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
nuclear envelope perforated by what
nucelar pore
made up of diff protein filaments, give cell mechanical strength
cytoskeleton
controls cell shape and movement
cytoskeleton
engulf other cells and small objects
phagocytosis
most extensive organelle
endoplasmic reticulum
receives from ER and modified packges them for secretion or transport to another cell
golgi
small irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular degradation occurs
lysomeomes
small vesicles where hydrogen peroxide used to inactivate toxic molecules
peroxisomes
mediate exchange of materials between single membrane enclosed organelles
transport vesicles
parts of membrane pinch in to form intracellular vesicles that Carry material captured from ext medium into the cell
endocytosis
besides nucleus, what are the other 2 organelles enclosed in double membrane
mitochondria, in plants chloroplasts
perform photosynthesis in plant cells + algae
chloroplasts
take up oxygen and harness energy from oxidation of food molecules to produce most of ATP
mitochondria
surrounding fluid of organelles
cytosol
translate RNA to protein
ribosomes
where ribosome assembly takes place
nucleolus
do mitochondria contain its own DNA
yes
strong evidence that mitochondria evolved from..
bacteria
chloroplasts have their own…
circular genomes
chloroplasts almost certainly evolved from what
symbiotic photosynthesis bacterium
natural selection has favored mitochondria with what
small genome
eukaryotic genomes rich in what kind of DNA
regulatory
cells differ because of selective use of their what
genetic instructions according to dev history
mutations reveal what
gene function
most important subregions within. gene are what
those that have been conserved throughout the course of evolution
small packets of genetic material, evolved from parasites, depend on record and biosyn machinery of host cell
viruses
most abundant biological species
viruses
chosen model organism in early days of bio
ecoli
viruses that infect bacteria
bacteriophages
2 bacteriophages that infect e coli
lambda and t4
relative of t4 are abundant where
oceans
separate intracellular fragments of DNA
plasmids
most of our basic understanding about how cells function is from what
e coli
minimal model eukaryote
yeast
small single celled fungi, closely related to animals
yeast
yeast characteristics
easy to grow, tough cell wall, has mitochondria, no chloroplasts
how quickly does yeast multiply
every 100 min
how does yeast reproduce
sexually or asexualy
model plant
arabtidopis
has helped understand flower development, coordination with seasons, ability to grow towards sunlight,
arabidopis
model organisms of animals
nematode, fly, zebrafish, mouse, human
small, attacks crops, life cycle of a few days, can live in freezer
nematode
develops like clockwork from fertilized egg to adult with exactly 959 cells
nematodes
helped with research on apoptosis
nematodes
longest used organism
fruit fly
foundation of classical genetics build on this organism
fruit fly
provided proof of chromosomes
fruit fly
how long do flys take to progress to adults
9 days
used for embryonic development in vertebraes
frogs
big eggs fertilized outside animal
frogs
well suited for genetic analysis, compact genome, lots of mutants, transparent for first 2 weeks of life
zebrafish
predominant mammal model organism
mouse
feature of DNA that is key to cellular life
ability to replicate
transforming into glass like state without crystalizing
vitrification
same gene across 2 diff species
ortholog
essential feature of model organism
reduced genome for group they’re studying, shorter life cycle, easy to culuture in lab
