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Microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are nutrients required by bacteria?

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

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2
Q

What is the bacterial iron binding protein?

A

Siderophore

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3
Q

What metal in humans is required by bacteria for electron transport?

A

Iron (Fe)

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4
Q

Describe generation curves of bacteria.

A

Peak is closer to higher temp range because enzymatic reactions occur faster with higher temp

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5
Q

Why is a fever considered “good”?

A

It pushes bacteria over optimum temp to kill them off

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6
Q

Define psychrophile, mesophile, thermophile, extreme thermophile.

A

Psychrophile - cold tempsMesophile - like moderate temps; neither too hot/cold (15-45C)Thermophile - like relatively high temps (40-70C)Extreme thermophile - like high temps (70-100C)

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7
Q

Describe the symbiosis between facultative anaerobe and anaerobe.

A

Facutative anaerobe makes env more anaerobic for the anaerobe

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8
Q

What is the O2 metabolism of an aerotolerant microbe?

A

Can grow in both, but Don’t use O2

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9
Q

What is the O2 metabolism of an microaerophile microbe?

A

Need O2, but O2 radicals are toxic

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10
Q

What happens in the lag phase?

A

Adapting to new nutrientsNew enzyme synthesis - up-regulation

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11
Q

What happens in the exponential phase?

A

Growth and binary fision

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12
Q

What happens in the stationary phase?

A

Crowding, starvation or toxic conditionsNew genes turned on to adapt to stress (usually toxins or virulence factor genes)

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13
Q

What happens in the decline phase?

A

Some cells lyse (maybe autolysis)

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14
Q

What is a persister cell?

A

dorman, non-dividing cell with slow metabolism

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15
Q

These cells cause a long, slow decline phase due to an asynchronous population…

A

Persister cells

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16
Q

What are autonomously replicating elements called?

A

Replicons

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17
Q

What is the difference between bacterial and viral chromosome?

A

Bacterial is usually circular, viral is circular or linear

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18
Q

What are the importance of structural and regulatory associated proteins for bacterial chromosome?

A

Structural - anchors or bends DNARegulatory - turns genes on or off

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19
Q

Describe plasmids.

A

Circular, smaller than chromosomes, can exist in hundreds of copies, readily transferred by HGT

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20
Q

A protein that binds between promoter and gene to block transcription is called…

A

Repressor

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21
Q

A protien that binds upstream of promoter to allow transcription is called…

A

Activator

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22
Q

An environmental signal that turns ON genes is called…

A

Inducer

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23
Q

An environmental signal that turns OFF genes is called…

A

Repressor

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24
Q

What is an induce for Lac operon?

A

cAMP

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25
Q

What is the uptake of unpackaged/”naked” DNA?

A

Transformation

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of transformation?

A

Natural and induced

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27
Q

Uptake of DNA by competence pheromones and use of quorum sensing is what kind of gene transfer?

A

Natural transformation

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28
Q

What is responsible for initiation of bacterial biofilms?

A

Quorum sensing

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29
Q

What is the main way bacteria can survive abx treatment?

A

Biofilm

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30
Q

Uptake of DNA by high temp that opens membrane pores and uses CaCl2 to shield DNA charges and use of physical methods is what kind of gene transfer?

A

Induced transformation

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31
Q

What is natural plasmid transfer called?

A

Conjugation

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32
Q

How do F+ and F- cells interact?

A

F+ has genes for sex pili and F- has receptors for pili which allows them to attach

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33
Q

What is the importance of F-plasmids? (with respect to abx resistance)

A

F-plasmid gets integrated into the chromosome and can transfer adjacent chromosomal genes (possibly abx res. gene) by conjugation

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34
Q

What are R-plasmids?

A

Plasmids with multiple abx resistant genes

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35
Q

What is mefE?

A

Multiple drug efflux pump - can provide abx resistance by pumping abx out of cell

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36
Q

What is gene transfer by imprecise excision or packaging of phage called?

A

Transduction

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of transduction?

A

Generalized and specialized

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38
Q

How does generalized transduction work?

A

Random transfer of ANY gene that gets chopped up and put in a phage head

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39
Q

What phage cycle does generalized transduction use?

A

Lytic phage

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40
Q

What phage cycle does specialized transduction use?

A

Lysogenic phage

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41
Q

How does specialized transduction work?

A

Only genes near phage integration site can be transferred and the phage inserts into chromosome

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42
Q

Phage lysogens = Phage conversion… what is phage conversion?

A

phage carries gene for virulence factor from 1 bacteria to another

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43
Q

What is it called when transferred genes integrate into host chromosome to replace native genes?

A

Gene replacement

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44
Q

What is homologous recombination?

A

Recombination between same sequences

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45
Q

What is the result of an inverted repeat?

A

Inverted DNA sequence

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46
Q

What is the result of direct repeats?

A

Deletion of a DNA sequence b/t repeats

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47
Q

What are outer membrane vesicles?

A

Small vesicles that bud from outer membrane that contain genetic elements and signaling molecules (quoromones, toxins)

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48
Q

Can outer membrane vesicles fuse with other cells and transfer cargo?

A

Yes

49
Q

Why are outer membrane vesicles important?

A

They can transmit pathogenic factors (toxins, abx resistant genes, virulence factors, quoromones)

50
Q

What organisms most commonly use outer membrane vesicles?

A

G- pathogens

51
Q

What are the benefits of E. coli, Oxalobacter, and gut microbiota?

A

E.coli - synthesized vit KOxalobacter - absorb excess oxalic acidGut - regulate TH17/Treg, interact c hormones for far reaching effect

52
Q

What is the relationship called when bacteria harm us (parasitism) then become commensal?

A

Balanced pathogenicity

53
Q

For how long and where do temporary/”transient” flora reside?

A

hours to months in an area where normal flora already exists

54
Q

What are opportunistic/pathobiont organisms?

A

Organisms not normally pathogenic that can cause disease under some conditions

55
Q

In what ways do opportunistic organisms cause infection?

A

Immunocompromised people, accidental injury, inflammation

56
Q

Inflammation is regulated by what T cell ratio?

A

TH17:Treg

57
Q

How does accidental entry occur?

A

During surgery when transient flora go places they shouldn’t

58
Q

T/F: Skin organisms are hard to colonize, different for different sites (even fingers)?

A

T

59
Q

Important organisms in skin:

A
  1. Staph epidermidis (sometimes aureus) survive NaCl2. aerobic Corynebacterium (moist areas)3. Propionibacterium acnes - make butyric and propionic acids from lipids (sebaceous glands) - acne vulgaris4. G- org in moist areas
60
Q

Do pH equalizing soaps worsen acne?

A

Yes

61
Q

Important organisms in nasopharynx:

A

diphtheroids - G+ club shape rods - Chinese char.These 3 are opportunists:1. Strep pneumoniae - move into lungs = PNA2. Neisseria meningitidis - gets released from attachments = meningitis3. Hemophilus influenzae

62
Q

Imp organisms in mouth:

A
  1. alpha-hemolytic Strep (S. mutans)2. Staph epidermidis (and aureus)3. Pasteurellaceae - bites4. Actinomyces israelii
63
Q

What org causes “lumpy jaw”?

A

Actinomyces israelii

64
Q

What org serves as base layer on tooth surface for other bacteria to attach and grow?

A

Streptococcus mutans

65
Q

How does gingivitis increase risk of infection?

A

Makes the tissue more friable

66
Q

Imp organisms in stomach:

A
  1. Lactobacillus2. H. pylori (~80% ulcers)
67
Q

Imp organisms in duodenum (low pH):

A
  1. Lactobacillus
68
Q

What are 2 very common organisms in the GI tract?

A

Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

69
Q

Imp organisms in ileum-jejunum (higher pH)

A
  1. Enterobacteriaceae (facultative anaerobe)2. Bacteroides (G- anaerobes)
70
Q

Imp organisms in colon (must all be anaerobes)

A
  1. Bacteroides2. Fusobacterium3. Clostridium4. Facultative enterobacteriaceae
71
Q

What are pre-op prophylactic abx?

A

neomycin/erythromycin + metronidazole (flagyl) - for anaerobes

72
Q

What happens if gut flora directly attaches to epithelial cells? Is it normal?

A

Not normal. Causes pathology

73
Q

What are the 3 gut enterotypes?

A

Bacteroides (high fat/low fiber - carbs)Prevotella (low fat/high fiber - glycopeptides)Ruminococcus (most common)

74
Q

T/F: Gut flora are more diverse from person-person but have the same function

A

T

75
Q

Describe acidity pattern of the vagina?

A

Birth - acidic pHUntil puberty - neutral pHAfter puberty - acidic pH

76
Q

What 2 organisms cause vaginitis?

A

Gardnerella, Mycoplasma genitalium

77
Q

Imp organisms in the vagina

A
  1. Lactobacillus2. Bacteroides3. Prevotella4. Finegoldia5. Gardnerella6. Mycoplasma genitalium
78
Q

What happens if there is too little Lactobacillus?

A

more vaginal infections

79
Q

Imp organisms in conjunctiva (most killed by lysozyme)

A
  1. Staph/Strep2. Hemophilus 3. Neisseria
80
Q

Where are sterile areas (no native flora)?

A

Lungs below tracheaInternal organs (except GI tract)Fluids (blood, urine, lymph, semen)CNSMiddle and Inner ear

81
Q

Are chronic or acute conditions usually more severe?

A

acute

82
Q

What is a subclinical infection?

A

infection but no symptoms = carrier

83
Q

What are 3 adhesion factors?

A

Pili/fimbriae, adhesins, capsules/glycocalyces

84
Q

What is a type of adhesin?

A

G+ LTA

85
Q

What is a tissue tropism?

A

specific adhesion to certain tissues

86
Q

What are 4 enzymes that organisms use to get between cells?

A
  1. streptokinase2. hyaluronidase3. neuraminidase4. collagenase
87
Q

What is the function of streptokinase?

A

Dissolve blood clots

88
Q

What is the function of hyaluronidase?

A

Hydrolyze connective tissue

89
Q

What is the function of neuraminidase (vibrio and shigella)?

A

Degrades sialic acid “glue”

90
Q

What is the function of collagenase (clostridium perfringes)?

A

Destroys tissue

91
Q

Organisms may be taken up into cells by what 2 classes of cells?

A

Professional and non-professional phagocytes

92
Q

Hijacking of host cell actin and the formation of fillapodia networks is generically referred to as…?

A

Membrane ruffling

93
Q

What mechanism do organisms taken up by non-professional phagocytic use to remodel the host’s cytoskeleton?

A

T3, T4, T6SS

94
Q

Listeria uses what protein to get into host cells?

A

Internalin

95
Q

What organisms use Ipas and Opas to promote engulfment by host cells?

A

Ipas - ShigellaOpas - Neisseria

96
Q

What cells are professional phagocytes?

A

M cells, Peyer’s patches, DC

97
Q

What 2 proteins are involved on the pathogen and host to cause phagocytosis?

A

PAMP (on bacteria), PRR (on host)

98
Q

What are 5 ways bacteria can avoid phagocytes?

A
  1. Prevent opsonization (by C3b complement)2. Antiphagocytic capsules (hide PAMP)3. M-protein and fimbriae4. LPS O-antigen variation or pili variation5. S. aureus protein A (attaches Ab backwards)
99
Q

What chemicals do bacteria use to kill phagocytes?

A

Leukocidins, Hemolysins, Anthrax, Pertussis toxins

100
Q

What are 5 ways for bacteria to deal with phagocytes?

A
  1. avoid them2. kill them3. prevent lysozomal fusion to phagocyte4. break out of phagolysozome5. resistance to lysozomal enzymes
101
Q

Do you get a fever and inflammation with exotoxin or endotoxin?

A

endotoxin

102
Q

What does septic mean?

A

Contaminated

103
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

EVERYTHING killed

104
Q

What does antiseptic/disinfected mean?

A

Pathogens killed

105
Q

What does pasteurized mean?

A

Most pathogens killed

106
Q

What is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

the minimum concentration which prevents bacteria from growing

107
Q

What tests uses disks and zones of inhibition?

A

Kirby Bauer test

108
Q

What test uses breath of killed bacteria and measurement to determine dose?

A

E test

109
Q

What is the difference between the Kierby Bauer test and the E test?

A

Kirby Bauer - QualitativeE test - Quantitative

110
Q

What chemical class are high level sterilizers - kills spores?

A

Aldehydes

111
Q

What level allows spores and some naked viruses to survive?

A

Intermediate

112
Q

How do phenolics work?

A

denature proteins, dissolve membranes

113
Q

How to the halogens, Iodine and Chlorine, work?

A

Iodine - interferes with protein foldingChlorine - oxidizing agent (NaClO

114
Q

What is particularly useful for staph and strep?

A

Phenolics, Biguanides

115
Q

How do biguanides work?

A

damage cell membrane

116
Q

What is a powerful biguanide used for surgical scrub?

A

chlorhexidine

117
Q

How do cationic detergents work?

A

solubilize cell membrane

118
Q

What organisms are best treated by cationic detergents?

A

G+

Microbiology (6 decks)

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