Exam 1 Flashcards
Exocrine Glands
- have a duct
- release into cavity or surface of skin
- oil, sweat, mammary glands, salivary glands, goblet cells
- multicellular glands with a secretory duct
Endocrine Glands
- No duct
- Make hormones
- Secrete into blood stream
- Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, ovary
Serous Membranes
- line closed cavities and cover the organs in those cavities
- composed of a layer of simple squamous supported by areolar CT that helps to attatch the membrane to structures
- consists of a parietal portion and visceral portion
- produce a thin water serous fluid
- reduces friction between internal organs their neighboring organs
Major Serous membranes
- pleura : thoracic cavity and lung
- pericardium : form the sac that surrounds the heart and covers the surface of the heart
- peritoneum : abdominopelvic cavity,
Mucous membranes
- lines the tracts that open to the outside of the body: digestive, respiratory, urniary
4 layers:
Layer (1) : epithial tissue - stratified squamous
- simple columnar
- pseudostratified columnar
- transitional
Layer (2): basement membrane (reticular CT)
Layer (3): layer of areolar CT called the lamina propria that provides support
Layer (4 outer layer): smooth muscle called muscularis mucosa
Synovial Membranes
- line joint capsules of freely movable synovial joints
- consists of areolar and adipose CT
- lubricates and provides nutrition to joint cartilage
Function of cutaneous membrane :
- sensation
- protection
- thermoregulation
- secretion (oil and sweat)
- synthesis of vitamin Dn
Glands are usually associated with cuboid (and some columnar)
T or F?
True
Stratum Spinosum contains?
Keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.
- contains star shped Langerhans cells that form a continuous network among the keratinocytes
Stratum granulosum contains?
Three to five layers of flattened cells
- significant keratinization begins
- cells lose their nuclei become compact and begin to die
Stratum Lucidum is only for?
Thick skin
- pams and soles of feet
Stratum corneum contains?
most outer layer
- dead keratinocytes
- cells are filled with keratin
- replaced by cells migrating to the surface from the stratum germinactivum
- desmosomes are present
papillary layer is for?
folds in fingerprintt patterns
- contains areolar connective tissue
- contains blood and lymp vessels
Reticular layer is for?
accounts for 80% dermis
- consists dense irregularCT
- forms the lines of cleavage
- gives strength , resilinecy and binds water
Superficial fascia
deep to the skin
- consists of areolar CT that helps to anchor the skin to the underlying tissues and adipose tissue to act as insulation and shock absorption
Deep fascia
- most extensive fascia located deep to the superficial fascia
- consists dense irregular CT that forms capsules around muscles and group muscles.
Control of bone growth formation : VITAMIN D
needed for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the digestive tract to generate hydroxyappetite to ossify bones
Rickets (occurs in children)
- characterized by deformed legs, ribs, sternum
- teeth fail to form
- cured by vitamin D and calcium intake with sun exposure
Osteomalacia (adults)
- bones undergo decalcification and become soft and week
Vitamin C
synthesis of collagen
Vitamin A
needed for the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Growth hormone
- produced in the pituitary gland
- stimulates mitosis of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate resulting in bone growth in length
Excessive growth hormone:
- gigantism : before puberty
- acromegaly : after puberty
Growth hormone deficiency
Pituitary dwarf
- deficiency occurs before puberty
- too little growth occurs before ossificaiton of the epiphyseal plate resulting in a person of a very small stature but with normal porpotions
Thyroxine (T4)
produced by the thyroid gland
- moderates the production of growth hormone
- too little thyroxine results in too little growth hormone and reduced growth
- too much thyroxine results in too little growth hormone, early ossification of the epiphyseal plate, and reduced growth.
parathyroid hormone
- produced parathyroid gland in response to LOW levels of blood calcium
- Raises blood calcium levels by
1. stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone tissue
2. making the kidneys conserve calcium
3. indirectly increasing the absorption of calcium from the small intestine.
Calcitonin
is produced by the thyroid gland in resopne to HIGH levles of blood
Lowers blood calcium levels by
1. inhibiting osteoclasts activity
2. increasing the excretion of calcium and phosphate.
Serous membrane: Distinction Between Parietal and Visceral Layers:
Parietal Layer: Lines the cavity wall.
Visceral Layer: Covers the organs themselves
Layer of mucous membrane
Epithelial Layer: Varies by location (e.g., respiratory, gastrointestinal).
Lamina Propria: Loose connective tissue.
Muscularis Mucosae: A thin layer of smooth muscle.
Submucosa: A layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and glands.
Location of Langerhans cells
Stratum Spinosum
Function: Langerhans cells are part of the immune system; they function as antigen-presenting cells that help recognize and fight pathogens that invade the skin.
In stratum granulosum what do the keratinocytes do
keratinocytes begin to lose their organelles and undergo a process called keratinization, where they produce keratin and ultimately die.
Layers of the dermis
papillary layer
reticular layer
The layer that generates fingerprints
papillary layer
the layer that helps strength of the skin
reticular layer
compact bone is tightly packed with?
osteons
layers around a central canal
Spongy bone contains?
yellow and red bone marrow
osteons consists?
Central Canal : Contains blood vessels and nerves.
Lamellae: Concentric layers of bone matrix surrounding the central canal.
Lacunae: Small cavities between lamellae where osteocytes reside.
Canaliculi: Tiny channels that connect lacunae and allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between osteocytes and the central canal.
Spaces Osteocytes Live In
Lacunae:
how do osteocytes pass nutrients
Nutrient and Waste Exchange:
Osteocytes use canaliculi to pass nutrients and waste products to and from the central canal and other osteocytes.
Arches in Spongy Bone
Trabeculae:
What bones do intramembranous ossification form?
flat bones (skull, cranial bones, clavicle)
What bones do endochondral ossification form?
Long bones (femur, humerus, radius)
How/what does intramembranous ossificaiton start off with?
dense irregular CT
how does endochondral ossificaiton start off with?
hyaline cartilage
What is the primary and secondary ossification in Endochondral ossification
- primary ossification: diaphysis of the long bone
- secondary ossification: develops later in the epiphyses ends
Bone growth in length:
interstitial growth
Bone growth in width
appositional growth
Sagittal plane
Divide body into right and left
