Exam 1

Question 1

Differentiate between gait and locomotion

Answer 1

Gait: manner in which a person walks (cadence, step, stride length, etc.)

Locomotion: Individuals capacity to move from one place to another

Question 2

What are the two phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 2

Stance phase: The interval in which the reference foot is on the ground (60% of gait cycle)

Swing phase: The interval in which the reference foot is not on the ground (40% of gait cycle)

Cycle begins when heel hits the ground, then restarts when the heel hits again

Question 3

What is a stride? step?

Answer 3

Stride: one gait cycle (2 steps)

Step: half of a gait cycle (1 step)

Question 4

Describe initial contact phase of gait

Answer 4

The moment in time when the reference limb first hits the ground (heel strike)

• Knee: 15 degrees flexion
• Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion

Question 5

Describe loading phase of gait

Answer 5

Bodyweight is transferred to the reference limb (flat foot)

• Hip: 20 degrees flexion
• Knee: 15 degrees flexion
• Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion

Question 6

Describe the midstance phase of gait

Answer 6

When the reference foot is planted, and non reference limb is in line with it

Knee: 5 degrees flexion
Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion

Question 7

Describe the terminal stance of gait

Answer 7

When the heel of the reference limb is slightly off the ground, heel of non reference limb (heel) hits the ground

Hip: 20 degrees extension
Knee: 5 degrees flexion
Ankle: 10 degrees dorsiflexion

Question 8

Describe the pre-swing phase of gait

Answer 8

When heel of reference limb is removed from the ground, toes are still in contact

Hip: 10 degrees extension
Knee: 40 degrees flexion
Ankle: 15 degrees plantarflexion

Question 9

Describe the initial swing phase of gait

Answer 9

When the reference leg malleolus is in the air, and lined up with non-reference leg malleolus

Hip: 15 degrees flexion
Knee: 60 degrees flexion
Ankle: 5 degrees plantarflexion

Question 10

Describe the mid-swing phase of gait

Answer 10

When reference leg is in the air, and in front of non-reference leg (with slight knee flexion)

Hip: 25 degrees flexion
Knee: 25 degrees flexion
Ankle: Neutral

Question 11

Describe the terminal swing phase of gait

Answer 11

When reference limb (heel) makes contact with ground (knee is in full extension)

Hip: 20 degrees flexion
Knee: 5 degrees flexion
Ankle: Neutral

Question 12

What is the nmeumonic for gait cycle?

Answer 12

I Love My Toilet Paper In My Toilet

Question 13

List the stages of the gait cycle in order

Answer 13

1.) Initial Contact
2.) Loading Phase/Response
3.) Mid-stance
4.) Terminal Stance
5.) Pre-swing
6.) Initial Swing
7.) Mid-swing
8.) Terminal Swing

Question 14

Differentiate between outcomes and goals

Answer 14

Outcomes: Final functional status after physical therapy intervention

Goals: Defines the necessary steps to reach a desired outcome (may be altered as patient progresses)

Question 15

Differentiate between Intra-rater and Inter-rater reliability

Answer 15

Intra-rater: Degree to which measurements that are obtained by the same
physical therapist at different times will be consistent

Inter-rater: Degree to which measurements obtained by multiple therapists
will be consistent

Question 16

Differentiate between the floor and ceiling effect

Answer 16

Floor Effect: When a measurement test/tool does not register a further decrease in score for the lowest scoring individual

Ceiling Effect: When a measurement test/tool does not register a further increase in score for the lowest scoring individual

Question 17

Differentiate between a minimal detectable change (MDC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID)

Answer 17

Minimal detectable change (MDC): The smallest amount of change that can be detected by an instrument

Minimal clinically important difference (MCID): The smallest amount of change that is considered important by the clinician

Question 18

Rank the 5 levels of cognition in order from most to least responsive

Answer 18

1. Alert (patient is fully present)
2. Lethargic (patient is sleepy, but perks up when lights are on and you introduce yourself)
3. Obtunded (patient requires an upright position, lights on, and conversation to receive partial responsiveness)
4. Stupor (requires noxious stimulus to receive a minimal increase in arousal)
5. Coma (completely unresponsive even with noxious stimulus)

Question 19

What is stereognosis? two point discrimination? barognosis? graphesthesia? tactile localization?

Answer 19

Stereognosis: The ability to recognize common objects by feel and without looking

Two-Point Discrimination: Ability to differentiate two different sensory inputs that are close together

Barognosis: Ability to differentiate different weights without looking

Graphesthesia: Ability to recognize shapes traced on the skin without looking

Tactile Localization: Ability to identify exactly where a sensory input is occurring without looking

Question 20

List and describe each type of receptor

Answer 20

Mechanoreceptor: mechanical deformation or movement

Proprioceptor: Joint position

Nociceptor: Pain

Thermoreceptor: Temperature

Chemoreceptor: Chemical

Photoreceptor: Light

Question 21

T or F? Free nerve endings are unmyelinated while encapsulated receptors are myelinated

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Explain the reflex scale

Answer 22

0: Absent, no response
1+: Diminished response
2+: Normal
3+: More than normal (brisk)
4+: Hyperreflexive

Question 23

T or F? Afferent is the input neurotransmission (towards the CNS/Brain) while efferent is the output neurotransmission (away from the CNS/Brain)

Answer 23

True