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PSY657 Psychopathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 Indicators of Abnormality

A

1 - Subjective distress
2 - Dangerousness
3 - Social discomfort
4 - Irrationality & unpredictability
5 - Maladaptiveness
6 - Statistical deviancy
7 - Violation of Standards of Safety

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2
Q

Pros of Classification

A

Gives a standard nomenclature to work with across professionals. Helps with Insurance

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3
Q

Cons of Classification

A

Stigma, stereotyping, and/or labeling issues

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4
Q

Define Internal Validity

A

Think: Validity of the study. Internal Validity is the extent to which a study is methodologically sound.

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5
Q

Define External Validity

A

Think: Validity of the study. External Validity is the extent to which a study’s findings can be generalized (applied to many scenarios)

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6
Q

Define Positive Correlation

A

Two variables measure together in the same direction

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7
Q

Define Negative Correlation

A

Two variables measure in opposite directions

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8
Q

What is a longitudinal-designed study?

A

A study that follows a set group of people over time

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9
Q

What is an independents vs dependent variable? Think: sleep study to see how sleep affects test scores. Which is independent, which is dependent?

A

The independent variable is what you change or control. (Cause)

The dependent variable is what you measure to see if it changes due to your manipulation. (Effect)

Ex: Sleep study to see how sleep affects test scores. Hours of sleep = independent variable. Test scores = dependent variable.

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10
Q

Describe the Id, the Ego, and the Superego

A

Id: Primal instinct, basic wants and desires
Superego: Morality police upon the Id
Ego: The balancing force between the two extremes

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11
Q

What are Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development?

A

1 - Oral Stage (Birth - 2)
2 - Anal Stage (2 - 3)
3 - Phallic Stage (3 - 5/6)
4 - Latency Period (6 - 12)
5 - Genital Stage (12/13 - Onward)

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12
Q

Middle Ages: Mental health treatment trends

A

1 - Middle Eastern countries maintained scientific aspects, established mental hospital in Baghdad
2 - Europe was devoid of scientific thinking and humane treatment. Asylums were prominent. Treated patients cruelly, like a novelty “freak” show. Often performed exorcisms.

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13
Q

Who was Quaker William Tuke

A

Helped pass law that asylums had to be inspected regularly to ensure proper diet, no use of restraints (Lunacy Inquiry Act)

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14
Q

Define Catharsis

A

A significant emotional release

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15
Q

Define Etiology

A

The factors that are related to the causes of a disorder

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16
Q

Define the diathesis-stress model

A

Diathesis = predisposition. This model explains that both the predisposition AND a stressor (external/environmental) need to be present for a disorder to manifest

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17
Q

What’s Franz Anton Mesmer famous for?

A

Mesmer said that mental disorders came from planets and “animal magnetism”. But was discredited when people realized he was using hypnotism

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18
Q

Factors that increase resilience to stress

A

1 - Being male, white, older, more educated, and wealthy
2 - A “good enough” parent
3 - Temperment

19
Q

Define Allostatic Load

A

Cumulative wear and tear due to chronic stress

20
Q

What makes one stressor more serious than another? (Know a few)

A

1 - severity
2 - how chronic
3 - timing
4 - impact
5 - how expected/unexpected
6 - how controllable

21
Q

What are the main interventions for stress-related disorders?

A

1 - Biological: blood pressure meds, medical procedure
2 - Psychological: yoga, mindfulness/meditation, journaling, CBT, learning to regulate emotions

22
Q

What does someone with BDD tend to focus on?

A

They obsess over various physical traits that they consider to be deeply flawed, though others will either not notice these “flaws” at all or they will only be minimally observable
- Ex: skin, stomach, breasts, hips, legs, genitals, body build, balding

23
Q

What is Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

CT is experiencing symptoms, but the worry and obsession over the symptoms becomes a disorder in and of itself. Disproportionate and consuming thoughts and behaviors associated with worry over somatic symptoms

24
Q

What is the difference between Factitious Disorder and Malingering?

A
  • Factitious Disorder: Knowingly falsifying an illness or symptoms to adopt the role of the sick or caretaker (if by proxy) and receive attention or sympathy
  • Malingering: Knowingly falsifying an illness or symptoms for external gain such as avoiding work or prison, or for insurance money etc
25
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic predisposition that can contribute to a vulnerability (diathesis) to develop a disorder

26
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable features or characteristics from both genotype (inherited genetic material) or environment

27
Q

Methods for studying genetic influences (3)

A

1 - Family history method: observing relatives who have or are carriers of the disorder. (Limitation: people who are closely related tend to have similar environments)
2 - Twin method: Study identical and fraternal twins, determine environmental vs genetic correlation. (Ideally study identical twins who were raised in different environments, but super rare.)
3 - Adoption method: Compare biological family and adoptive environment

28
Q

Neurotransmitters related to psychopathology (5)

A

1 - Norepinephrine
2 - Dopamine
3 - Seratonin
4 - Glutamate
5 - GABA

29
Q

Ego Defense Mechanisms
(DFP4RS)

A

1 - Displacement (boss → husband)
2 - Fixation (unmarried man depending on his mom)
3 - Projection (cheater accusing spouse of cheating)
4 - Rationalization (using pseudoscience to justify racism)
5 - Reaction formation (internalized homophobia… zealous anti-LGBT campaign)
6 - Regression (acting younger than you are)
7 - Repression (unaware of murderous impulses)
8 - Sublimation (sexual frustration → erotic art)

30
Q

Who is at more risk for heart disease and heart attacks?

A

People under chronic stress and inflammation

31
Q

What does Norepinephrine manage and what disorders is it related to?

A

manages: attention, arousal, fight flight, mood, sleep
related to: depression, anxiety, stress related

32
Q

What does Dopamine manage, and what disorders is it related to?

A

manages: reward, pleasure, attention, motor
related to: schizophrenia, substance use dis, bipolar, parkinsons

33
Q

What does Seratonin manage and what disorders does it relate to?

A

manages: regulates mood, appetite, sleep, emo processing
related to: depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, eating disorders

34
Q

What does Glutamate manage and what disorders does it relate to?

A

manages: main excitatory neurotransmitter, learning, memory, and brain
related to: schizophrenia, depression, neurodegen

35
Q

What does GABA manage and what disorders does it relate to?

A

manages: inhibitory, neural activity, calming
related to: anxiety, sleep, epilepsy

36
Q

Hoarding (key points)

A

1 - More neurologically different than OCD
2 - More impaired socially / psychologically than OCD

37
Q

Nature vs Nurture 5 Misconceptions (Twin Studies)

A

1 - Genetics make environment irrelevent (False: Height can be impacted by diet)
2 - Genes provide a limit to potential (False: Environment can change potential)
3 - Genetic strategies don’t help with the study of environmental influences (False: Twin studies)
4 - Genetic effects diminish with age. (False: Huntington’s Disease, etc, genes impact on psych increases with age)
5 - Disorders that run in families must be genetic and those that don’t have family hx aren’t genetic like ASD. (False: Turners / genetic vs hereditary)

38
Q

DID — What is it? Causes, traits, and comorbidity

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder is when the personality “splits” from the host identity into alternate identities. Common in cases of severe sexual or physical abuse.
Comorbidity: PTSD

39
Q

PTSD — What is it?

A

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
A - Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in 1+ ways
B - 1+ intrusive symptoms associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the trauma
C - Persistent avoidance of associated stimuli, beginning after the trauma
D - 2+ negative alterations in cognitions & mood associated w/ trauma
E - 2+ examples of marked alterations in arousal & reactivity associated w/ trauma
F - Longer than 1 month

40
Q

Treatment for Phobias?

A

Exposure Therapy + CBT. Using a fear hierarchy

41
Q

Dissociative Amnesia vs Dissociative Fugue

A

DA = Retroactive memory loss. Outside the normal realm of “forgetting”.
DF = Complete flight from the physical and psychological setting

42
Q

Phobia — What is it?

A

It’s a fear about a specific object or situation

43
Q

Dx criteria for Anxiety Disorders (Separation, Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety, Panic Disorders, Agoraphobia, GAD)

A

1 - Separation Ax - Usually young, inappropriate for age
2 - Specific Phobia - Object or situation always provokes immediate fear / ax, out of proportion of event
3 - Social Ax - “They’re judging me”, preoccupation with judgment from others, prohibits activities to avoid judgment and embarrassment
4 - Panic Disorders - recurring unexpected panic attacks, worry about future attacks, fear of body sensations
5 - Agoraphobia - “I’m trapped”, avoid people/places
6 - GAD - Worry over worrying — and everything else

PSY657 Psychopathology (3 decks)

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