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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue are serous membranes composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

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2
Q

Components of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol, cytoskeleton, inclusions, organelles

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3
Q

Marker molecules

A

Outside of cell: cell to cell recognition
Inform immune system of “self” cell or cell type
Glycoproteins or glycolipids

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4
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Attach cells to other cells, extracellular molecules or intracellular
Basis of forming tissue (cell-cell adhesion)

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5
Q

Channel proteins

A

Involved with transportation of substances in and out of a cell

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6
Q

Transporter proteins

A

move substances (ions or molecules) from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

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7
Q

Channels vs transporters

A

Channels - proteins that form a hydrophilic pore through membrane, molecules passively diffuse
Transporters - transfer only those molecules or ions that fit into specific binding sites on the protein, can move against concentration gradient

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8
Q

Receptor proteins

A

contain binding sites that can attach to specific substances
external signals effect internal cell function

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9
Q

What does tissue begin as?

A

As pluripotent stem cells

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10
Q

Wandering cells

A

Some cells that temporarily appear in tissue
Phagocytes/other immune cells, embryonic cells involved in differentiation/growth

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11
Q

3 functions of junctions

A

Form fluid-tight seals between cells
Anchor cells together or to the matrix
Act as channels, which allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell in a tissue

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12
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Watertight seal between cells, plasma membrane fused with a strip of proteins
Common in cells that line GI and bladder

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13
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Hold epithelial cells together
Structural components: plaque (dense layer of proteins inside cell membrane), plaque contains microfilaments that extend into cytoplasm, cadherin proteins that connect membrane of other cell

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14
Q

Gap junctions

A

Forms tiny connection between plasma membranes of 2 cells, made of protein channels called connexons - fluid filled tunnels, cytoplasm is shared between cells
Rapid instant communication between cells
Muscle/nerve impulses, heart, smooth muscle of gut

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cellular rivet - resists separation and cell disruption, similar structure to adherens junction except intermediate filaments enter cytoplasm of cell which is connected to the cytoskeleton
Cellular support of cardiac muscle

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16
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Half a desmosome, connect cells to extracellular basement membrane

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17
Q

The basal lamina

A

Part of BM, from epithelial cells and collagen fibers

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18
Q

The reticular lamina

A

Part of BM, secreted by connective tissue cells and reticular fibers

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19
Q

Function of BM

A

Guide for cell migration during development, may become thickened due to increased collagen and laminin production

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20
Q

2 types of epithelium

A

1) Covering and lining epithelium - epidermis of skin, lining blood vessels and ducts, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, GI tract
2) Glandular epithelium -
secreting portion of glands, thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands

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21
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines the heart and blood vessels

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22
Q

Mesothelium

A

Lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and covers the organs within them

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23
Q

Keratinized vs non-keratinized

A

Non-keratinized: stays moist, found in other mucous membranes
Keratinized: skin (epidermis), hardened protein layer is protective, prevents infection, and moisture loss

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24
Q

Gland

A

A single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development

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25
Q

2 types of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular glands - goblet cells
Multicellular glands - shape and structure

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26
Q

2 ways to classify multicellular glands

A

Secretory unit - determine if gland shape is tubular or aciner/alveolar
Epithelial duct - determine if gland structure is simple or compound (branches)

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27
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secretory products discharged by exocytosis
Examples - watery (sudoriferous) sweat, salivary glands, digestive enzymes

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28
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretory products at the apical surface of the secreting cell
Portion of cell pinches off to form the secretion
Examples - mammary and cerumen glands

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29
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Accumulate the secretory products in the cytosol
Cell dies and its products are discharged
Examples - sebaceous and meibomian glands

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30
Q

What is connective tissue derived from?

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

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31
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis

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32
Q

Plasma cells

A

produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances

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33
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine that dilate small BV

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34
Q

components of extracellular matrix

A

Glycosamine glycans - slick sugary molecules
Hyaluronic acid - thick, viscous, slippery
Chondroitin sulfate - jellylike substance providing support
adhesion proteins (fibronectin) - holds collagen fibers to ground substance

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35
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Parallel bundles, the body’s main structural protein
Great tensile strength, flexible, only slightly elastic
Found in bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

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36
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Spring-like, some branching
Not as strong as collagen fibers, can stretch and return to original shape
Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages, skin, blood vessels

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37
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thin, branching, web-like fibers of collagen
Form delicate, supporting networks
Found in spleen, liver, support in the blood vessels and in lymph nodes

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38
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Found in the subcutaneous layer of the integument
Makes of BM of epithelial tissue
All 3 types of fibers present

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39
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Consists of adipocytes, deeper skin, surrounding organs, yellow marrow
Cushions and insulates, serves as energy reserve
Generates considerable heart to help maintain proper body temp

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40
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Contains fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells
Forms the stroma (framework) of certain organs
Helps to bind together the cells of smooth muscle

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41
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Secrete matrix - ground substance and embedded fibers

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42
Q

What tissue provides nutrients to cartilage?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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43
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Fine collagen fibers - transparent
Glassy ECM
Covers ends of long bones at joint: articular cartilage
Spongy pad to absorb compression

44
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

More flexible, due to elastic fibers in the matrix

45
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Very tough, due to many collagenous fibers
Shock absorber
Alternating rows of chondrocytes and cartilage fibers

46
Q

Osteoblasts

A

(immature) deposit matrix in lamellae (layers), which occur in rings around central canals - capillaries

47
Q

Red and yellow marrow

A

Red marrow produces blood
Yellow marrow reduces weight

48
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support and nourish neurons: remove waste

49
Q

Epidermis is composed of

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial tissue

50
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Majority of cells: produce keratin
Fibrous = tough, water-resistant

51
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce melanin, which is absorbed by keratinocytes
Melanin protects nucleus of cells from UV radiation/cancerous mutations

51
Q

Tactile cells

A

Merkel cells (Pacinian corpuscles)
Compressed, released NTs on sensory neuron dendrites

52
Q

Immune cells

A

Epidermal Dendritic cells, phagocytes

53
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer, one layer thick, mitosis occurs here
All 3 cell types but most immature keratinocytes

54
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Several layers thick, contains cells pushed up from S. basale
Spines = non-dividing keratinocytes
Lots of desmosomes and keratin fibers, give cells “spine” shape
Also epidermal dendritic cells

55
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

2-5 cell layer thick
Contains kerato-hyaline granules and lamellated bodies
Cells produce mature keratin (intermediate filaments)
Cells flatten and membrane thickens/less permeable - organelles disintegrate

56
Q

Kerato-hyaline granules

A

give the epidermis its strength (granules that are visible)

57
Q

Lamellar granules

A

secrete lipids which give the epidermis its waterproofing (granules not visible)

58
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Clear layer, only found in thick skin

59
Q

Thick vs thin skin

A

Thick skin contains all 5 epidermal layers, found on palms of hands, finger tips, soles of feet
Thin skin: lacks S. lucidum, found everywhere else

60
Q

Stratum corneum

A

20-30 cells thick, hornlike, provides protection from external environment, dead cells
Thicker in thick skin
More keratin in keratinized epithelium

61
Q

The connective tissue layer of skin in the dermis

A

Areolar and Dense irregular - 3 types of fibers present

62
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

Papillary layer (superficial) and reticular layer (deep)

63
Q

Papillary layer

A

Projections called dermal papillae, extend into the deep epidermis
Composed of loose connective tissue (areolar)
Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges form interlocking layer, increase SA between 2 layers

64
Q

Blister

A

Separation of the papillary layer of the dermis from the epidermis

65
Q

Reticular layer

A

Composed of dense irregular connective tissue (not reticular)
Network of collagen fibers, no clear boundary between the reticular and papillary layer

66
Q

Dermal blood supply

A

Temperature regulation
Dermis - extensive innervation and blood supply
largest vessels = near hypodermis
Blood flow to skin dissipates heat
core temp increases - skin vessel vasodilate

67
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Found all over body except palms of hands and soles of feet
Secrete oily secretion called sebum
Lubricates hair and skin, bactericidal

68
Q

Sweat glands

A

Distributed over the entire skin surface except for nipples and parts of external genitalia
two types - merocrine and apocrine

69
Q

Merocrine sweat glands

A

Secretes sweat via duct onto epidermis
Farm more numerous, on palms of hands, soles of feed, forehead
Prevents overheating of the body - in combination with dermal blood flow

70
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Found in axillary and anogenital areas, begin to function at puberty
Sweat secretion is odorless, body odor caused by bacteria
Release secretions into hair follicles

71
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Modified apocrine glands found lining the external ear canal, secrete cerumen, traps dirt/debris, contains lysozymes

72
Q

Bone Tissue

A

Calcified bone tissue, skeletal cartilage, coating of dense irregular connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue, ligaments and tendons (dense regular connective tissue)

73
Q

Bone classification by shape

A

Long bones (long and narrow, longitudinal axis), expanded ends
Short bones (cube-like, length = wide)
Flat bones (platelike, with broad surfaces)
Irregular bones (variety of shapes, most are connected to other bones)

74
Q

Bone classification by location

A

Sutural - located within the sutures of the skull (not always present)
Sesamoid - shaped like a sesame seed, bone surrounded by a tendon

75
Q

Outermost layer of bone

A

Compact bone
Consists of cylindrical units called osteons
Run longitudinally down axis of bone
Strong and solid bone for weight bearing
Resists compression

76
Q

Inner layer of bone

A

Spongy bone
Fine honeycomb of bone called trabeculae
Small cavities for blood (red marrow) and fat (yellow marrow)

77
Q

Structure of short, irregular, and flat bone

A

Thin plate of spongy bone covered by compact bone
Compact bone covered by connective tissue (dense irregular)
Outside - periosteum
Inside - endosteum
Marrow within trabeculae - no large cavity
When forming moveable joint surfaces: hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)

78
Q

Structure of long bone

A

Outer cover of compact bone with spongy bone inside

79
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded end
Articulates with another bone
Articular cartilage (hyaline)

80
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Growth plates
Bone growth = cartilage becomes calcified

81
Q

Diaphysis

A

Bone shaft
Between diaphysis and epiphysis is metaphysis (widening part)

82
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Chamber lined with spongy bone and blood vessels
Contains yellow marrow (in adults)

83
Q

Periosteum

A

Encloses bone; dense irregular connective tissue (except joints surfaces)
Waxy and vascular
Well innervated

84
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines inside surface of compact and trabeculae of spongy bone

85
Q

Projections

A

Site of muscle/ligament attachment
Rough/raised surface
Examples: tubercle - lesser tubercle insertion for back and shoulder muscles

86
Q

Surfaces

A

Gliding points between joints
Examples: fact - flat and smooth articulation points between bones

87
Q

Depressions and openings

A

Blood vessels and nerves to nourish bones
Examples: foramen or foramina

88
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Form of stem cell - can divide
Found in periosteum and endosteum
Can differentiate into osteoblast or remain stem cell

89
Q

Osteoblast

A

Similar to chondroblast - secrete collagen matrix for bone growth
Becomes calcified later
When cell is completely surrounded by matrix, it becomes an osteocyte

90
Q

Osteocyte

A

Found in lacunae in bone tissue
Monitor and maintain bone matrix
Communicate mechanical strain information to osteoblast and osteoclast

91
Q

Osteoclast

A

Enzymatically breaks down bone
Decreased mechanical strain and normal bone maintenance

92
Q

What cell types reabsorb and deposit bone?

A

All 4 cell types constantly reabsorb and deposit bone

93
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Maintain microscopic structure

94
Q

Basic structural unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

95
Q

Osteons

A

Long cylinders which run length of bone
Cemented together to form bone tissue

96
Q

Central canal

A

Blood vessels and nerves from medullary cavity to nourish bone tissue

97
Q

Central canals connected via…

A

A perforating canal

98
Q

Rings of bone matrix surrounding central canal

A

Lamellae - osteocytes within lacunae

99
Q

Canaliculi

A

Osteocytes with each lacunae are connected via tiny passages called canaliculi
Osteocytes send extension through canaliculi to maintain contact between cells

100
Q

Osteocytes connected via…

A

Gap junctions
Involved in cell-cell communication
Exchange of nutrients and waste

101
Q

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

A

Has osteocytes and ECM, no organized osteons
Web-like cavities called trabeculae

102
Q

Trabeculae

A

Collect nutrients from endosteum blood vessels, sent to osteocytes via canaliculi
Trabeculae look disorganized
- carefully positioned along stress lines - structural reinforcement
Constantly remodeled as a result of mechanical stress

103
Q

Bone anatomy reflects…

A

Stress it has encountered

104
Q

Chemical composition of Bones - organic

A

Soft; able to withstand tension (stretch or twist) - equal strength of steel
All cells and osteoid 1/3 of matrix
Ground substance and collagen fibers secreted by osteoblasts

105
Q

Collagen fibers bonded together by…

A

Sacrificial bonds
Break easily on impact - dissipate energy to prevent injury
Reform quickly

106
Q

Chemical composition of bone - inorganic

A

harder; able to withstand compression - half strength of steel
Remaining 66% bone is inorganic components -
Calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers
Exceptional hardness

Anatomy (4 decks)

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