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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue are serous membranes composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

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2
Q

Components of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol, cytoskeleton, inclusions, organelles

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3
Q

Marker molecules

A

Outside of cell: cell to cell recognition
Inform immune system of “self” cell or cell type
Glycoproteins or glycolipids

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4
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Attach cells to other cells, extracellular molecules or intracellular
Basis of forming tissue (cell-cell adhesion)

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5
Q

Channel proteins

A

Involved with transportation of substances in and out of a cell

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6
Q

Transporter proteins

A

move substances (ions or molecules) from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

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7
Q

Channels vs transporters

A

Channels - proteins that form a hydrophilic pore through membrane, molecules passively diffuse
Transporters - transfer only those molecules or ions that fit into specific binding sites on the protein, can move against concentration gradient

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8
Q

Receptor proteins

A

contain binding sites that can attach to specific substances
external signals effect internal cell function

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9
Q

What does tissue begin as?

A

As pluripotent stem cells

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10
Q

Wandering cells

A

Some cells that temporarily appear in tissue
Phagocytes/other immune cells, embryonic cells involved in differentiation/growth

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11
Q

3 functions of junctions

A

Form fluid-tight seals between cells
Anchor cells together or to the matrix
Act as channels, which allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell in a tissue

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12
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Watertight seal between cells, plasma membrane fused with a strip of proteins
Common in cells that line GI and bladder

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13
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Hold epithelial cells together
Structural components: plaque (dense layer of proteins inside cell membrane), plaque contains microfilaments that extend into cytoplasm, cadherin proteins that connect membrane of other cell

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14
Q

Gap junctions

A

Forms tiny connection between plasma membranes of 2 cells, made of protein channels called connexons - fluid filled tunnels, cytoplasm is shared between cells
Rapid instant communication between cells
Muscle/nerve impulses, heart, smooth muscle of gut

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cellular rivet - resists separation and cell disruption, similar structure to adherens junction except intermediate filaments enter cytoplasm of cell which is connected to the cytoskeleton
Cellular support of cardiac muscle

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16
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Half a desmosome, connect cells to extracellular basement membrane

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17
Q

The basal lamina

A

Part of BM, from epithelial cells and collagen fibers

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18
Q

The reticular lamina

A

Part of BM, secreted by connective tissue cells and reticular fibers

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19
Q

Function of BM

A

Guide for cell migration during development, may become thickened due to increased collagen and laminin production

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20
Q

2 types of epithelium

A

1) Covering and lining epithelium - epidermis of skin, lining blood vessels and ducts, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, GI tract
2) Glandular epithelium -
secreting portion of glands, thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands

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21
Q

Endothelium

A

Lines the heart and blood vessels

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22
Q

Mesothelium

A

Lines the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and covers the organs within them

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23
Q

Keratinized vs non-keratinized

A

Non-keratinized: stays moist, found in other mucous membranes
Keratinized: skin (epidermis), hardened protein layer is protective, prevents infection, and moisture loss

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24
Q

Gland

A

A single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development

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25
2 types of exocrine glands
Unicellular glands - goblet cells Multicellular glands - shape and structure
26
2 ways to classify multicellular glands
Secretory unit - determine if gland shape is tubular or aciner/alveolar Epithelial duct - determine if gland structure is simple or compound (branches)
27
Merocrine glands
Secretory products discharged by exocytosis Examples - watery (sudoriferous) sweat, salivary glands, digestive enzymes
28
Apocrine glands
Accumulate secretory products at the apical surface of the secreting cell Portion of cell pinches off to form the secretion Examples - mammary and cerumen glands
29
Holocrine glands
Accumulate the secretory products in the cytosol Cell dies and its products are discharged Examples - sebaceous and meibomian glands
30
What is connective tissue derived from?
Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
31
Macrophages
engulf bacteria and debris by phagocytosis
32
Plasma cells
produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances
33
mast cells
produce histamine that dilate small BV
34
components of extracellular matrix
Glycosamine glycans - slick sugary molecules Hyaluronic acid - thick, viscous, slippery Chondroitin sulfate - jellylike substance providing support adhesion proteins (fibronectin) - holds collagen fibers to ground substance
35
Collagen fibers
Parallel bundles, the body's main structural protein Great tensile strength, flexible, only slightly elastic Found in bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
36
Elastic fibers
Spring-like, some branching Not as strong as collagen fibers, can stretch and return to original shape Found in vocal cords, respiratory air passages, skin, blood vessels
37
Reticular fibers
Thin, branching, web-like fibers of collagen Form delicate, supporting networks Found in spleen, liver, support in the blood vessels and in lymph nodes
38
Areolar connective tissue
Found in the subcutaneous layer of the integument Makes of BM of epithelial tissue All 3 types of fibers present
39
Adipose connective tissue
Consists of adipocytes, deeper skin, surrounding organs, yellow marrow Cushions and insulates, serves as energy reserve Generates considerable heart to help maintain proper body temp
40
Reticular connective tissue
Contains fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells Forms the stroma (framework) of certain organs Helps to bind together the cells of smooth muscle
41
Chondrocytes
Secrete matrix - ground substance and embedded fibers
42
What tissue provides nutrients to cartilage?
Dense irregular connective tissue
43
Hyaline cartilage
Fine collagen fibers - transparent Glassy ECM Covers ends of long bones at joint: articular cartilage Spongy pad to absorb compression
44
Elastic cartilage
More flexible, due to elastic fibers in the matrix
45
Fibrocartilage
Very tough, due to many collagenous fibers Shock absorber Alternating rows of chondrocytes and cartilage fibers
46
Osteoblasts
(immature) deposit matrix in lamellae (layers), which occur in rings around central canals - capillaries
47
Red and yellow marrow
Red marrow produces blood Yellow marrow reduces weight
48
Neuroglia
Support and nourish neurons: remove waste
49
Epidermis is composed of
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelial tissue
50
Keratinocytes
Majority of cells: produce keratin Fibrous = tough, water-resistant
51
Melanocytes
Produce melanin, which is absorbed by keratinocytes Melanin protects nucleus of cells from UV radiation/cancerous mutations
51
Tactile cells
Merkel cells (Pacinian corpuscles) Compressed, released NTs on sensory neuron dendrites
52
Immune cells
Epidermal Dendritic cells, phagocytes
53
Stratum basale
Deepest layer, one layer thick, mitosis occurs here All 3 cell types but most immature keratinocytes
54
Stratum spinosum
Several layers thick, contains cells pushed up from S. basale Spines = non-dividing keratinocytes Lots of desmosomes and keratin fibers, give cells "spine" shape Also epidermal dendritic cells
55
Stratum granulosum
2-5 cell layer thick Contains kerato-hyaline granules and lamellated bodies Cells produce mature keratin (intermediate filaments) Cells flatten and membrane thickens/less permeable - organelles disintegrate
56
Kerato-hyaline granules
give the epidermis its strength (granules that are visible)
57
Lamellar granules
secrete lipids which give the epidermis its waterproofing (granules not visible)
58
Stratum lucidum
Clear layer, only found in thick skin
59
Thick vs thin skin
Thick skin contains all 5 epidermal layers, found on palms of hands, finger tips, soles of feet Thin skin: lacks S. lucidum, found everywhere else
60
Stratum corneum
20-30 cells thick, hornlike, provides protection from external environment, dead cells Thicker in thick skin More keratin in keratinized epithelium
61
The connective tissue layer of skin in the dermis
Areolar and Dense irregular - 3 types of fibers present
62
2 layers of dermis
Papillary layer (superficial) and reticular layer (deep)
63
Papillary layer
Projections called dermal papillae, extend into the deep epidermis Composed of loose connective tissue (areolar) Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges form interlocking layer, increase SA between 2 layers
64
Blister
Separation of the papillary layer of the dermis from the epidermis
65
Reticular layer
Composed of dense irregular connective tissue (not reticular) Network of collagen fibers, no clear boundary between the reticular and papillary layer
66
Dermal blood supply
Temperature regulation Dermis - extensive innervation and blood supply largest vessels = near hypodermis Blood flow to skin dissipates heat core temp increases - skin vessel vasodilate
67
Sebaceous glands
Found all over body except palms of hands and soles of feet Secrete oily secretion called sebum Lubricates hair and skin, bactericidal
68
Sweat glands
Distributed over the entire skin surface except for nipples and parts of external genitalia two types - merocrine and apocrine
69
Merocrine sweat glands
Secretes sweat via duct onto epidermis Farm more numerous, on palms of hands, soles of feed, forehead Prevents overheating of the body - in combination with dermal blood flow
70
Apocrine sweat glands
Found in axillary and anogenital areas, begin to function at puberty Sweat secretion is odorless, body odor caused by bacteria Release secretions into hair follicles
71
Ceruminous glands
Modified apocrine glands found lining the external ear canal, secrete cerumen, traps dirt/debris, contains lysozymes
72
Bone Tissue
Calcified bone tissue, skeletal cartilage, coating of dense irregular connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue, ligaments and tendons (dense regular connective tissue)
73
Bone classification by shape
Long bones (long and narrow, longitudinal axis), expanded ends Short bones (cube-like, length = wide) Flat bones (platelike, with broad surfaces) Irregular bones (variety of shapes, most are connected to other bones)
74
Bone classification by location
Sutural - located within the sutures of the skull (not always present) Sesamoid - shaped like a sesame seed, bone surrounded by a tendon
75
Outermost layer of bone
Compact bone Consists of cylindrical units called osteons Run longitudinally down axis of bone Strong and solid bone for weight bearing Resists compression
76
Inner layer of bone
Spongy bone Fine honeycomb of bone called trabeculae Small cavities for blood (red marrow) and fat (yellow marrow)
77
Structure of short, irregular, and flat bone
Thin plate of spongy bone covered by compact bone Compact bone covered by connective tissue (dense irregular) Outside - periosteum Inside - endosteum Marrow within trabeculae - no large cavity When forming moveable joint surfaces: hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
78
Structure of long bone
Outer cover of compact bone with spongy bone inside
79
Epiphysis
Expanded end Articulates with another bone Articular cartilage (hyaline)
80
Epiphyseal plates
Growth plates Bone growth = cartilage becomes calcified
81
Diaphysis
Bone shaft Between diaphysis and epiphysis is metaphysis (widening part)
82
Medullary cavity
Chamber lined with spongy bone and blood vessels Contains yellow marrow (in adults)
83
Periosteum
Encloses bone; dense irregular connective tissue (except joints surfaces) Waxy and vascular Well innervated
84
Endosteum
Lines inside surface of compact and trabeculae of spongy bone
85
Projections
Site of muscle/ligament attachment Rough/raised surface Examples: tubercle - lesser tubercle insertion for back and shoulder muscles
86
Surfaces
Gliding points between joints Examples: fact - flat and smooth articulation points between bones
87
Depressions and openings
Blood vessels and nerves to nourish bones Examples: foramen or foramina
88
Osteoprogenitor cells
Form of stem cell - can divide Found in periosteum and endosteum Can differentiate into osteoblast or remain stem cell
89
Osteoblast
Similar to chondroblast - secrete collagen matrix for bone growth Becomes calcified later When cell is completely surrounded by matrix, it becomes an osteocyte
90
Osteocyte
Found in lacunae in bone tissue Monitor and maintain bone matrix Communicate mechanical strain information to osteoblast and osteoclast
91
Osteoclast
Enzymatically breaks down bone Decreased mechanical strain and normal bone maintenance
92
What cell types reabsorb and deposit bone?
All 4 cell types constantly reabsorb and deposit bone
93
Bone remodeling
Maintain microscopic structure
94
Basic structural unit of compact bone
Osteon
95
Osteons
Long cylinders which run length of bone Cemented together to form bone tissue
96
Central canal
Blood vessels and nerves from medullary cavity to nourish bone tissue
97
Central canals connected via...
A perforating canal
98
Rings of bone matrix surrounding central canal
Lamellae - osteocytes within lacunae
99
Canaliculi
Osteocytes with each lacunae are connected via tiny passages called canaliculi Osteocytes send extension through canaliculi to maintain contact between cells
100
Osteocytes connected via...
Gap junctions Involved in cell-cell communication Exchange of nutrients and waste
101
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Has osteocytes and ECM, no organized osteons Web-like cavities called trabeculae
102
Trabeculae
Collect nutrients from endosteum blood vessels, sent to osteocytes via canaliculi Trabeculae look disorganized - carefully positioned along stress lines - structural reinforcement Constantly remodeled as a result of mechanical stress
103
Bone anatomy reflects...
Stress it has encountered
104
Chemical composition of Bones - organic
Soft; able to withstand tension (stretch or twist) - equal strength of steel All cells and osteoid 1/3 of matrix Ground substance and collagen fibers secreted by osteoblasts
105
Collagen fibers bonded together by...
Sacrificial bonds Break easily on impact - dissipate energy to prevent injury Reform quickly
106
Chemical composition of bone - inorganic
harder; able to withstand compression - half strength of steel Remaining 66% bone is inorganic components - Calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers Exceptional hardness

Anatomy (4 decks)

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