Exam 1 Flashcards
What is organizational behavior (OB)?
The study of individual
behavior and group
dynamics in
organizations
The study of individual behavior
and group dynamics in
organizations is ________:
A. Anthropology
B. Organizational behavior
C. Sociology
D. Management
B. Organizational behavior
Psychology is the science of
________:
A. Human behavior
B. Society
C. Human learned behavior
D. Healing or treating diseases
A. Human behavior
Anthropology vs Psychology
Psychology:
* Science of human behavior
Anthropology:
* Science of human learned
behavior
What are the interdisciplinary influences on OB?
Psychology, Sociology, Engineering, Anthropology, Management, and Medicine
Which of the following is NOT an
interdisciplinary influence on
OB?
A. Engineering
B. Medicine
C. Sociology
D. Mathematics
D. Mathematics
We will learn about the
________ concepts, approaches,
and processes of OB.
A. Team, management, and
operational
B. Individual, interpersonal, and
organizational
C. Group, organization, and
industry
D. Individual, personal, and
professional
B. Individual, interpersonal, and
organizational
What is personality?
A relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual’s
behavior and lends it consistency
What is Interactional Psychology?
- Kurt Lewin
- Behavior is a function of
person and environment - B = f(P, E)
- (1930s)
Social Cognitive Theory
- Albert Bandura
- Person, environment, and
behavior triadically
reciprocally interact - 1980s
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature:
* Biological approach
* Personality seen as a product of
genetics, hormones, and other
neuro-chemical reasons
* Personality is ”hard-wired” and
emerges throughout life due to
maturation
Nurture:
* Behavioral approach
* Personality seen as a product of
learning from one’s environment
* Individuals born as “blank slates”
that are filled in through life
experiences
Identifying Personality Traits: The Lexical Approach
- “Lexical” = related to words or vocabulary
- Process: Select all words that describe personality
- Use statistical methods to combine words and reduce
number of groups
Gordon Allport Trait Theory of Personality
- Cardinal traits: These are traits that dominate an individual’s entire personality.
- Central traits: Common traits that make up our personalities.
- Secondary traits: These are traits that are only present under certain conditions and circumstances
The Big Five Personality Traits
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Made by Paul Costa & Robert McCrae
Hans Eysenck
Eysenck’s model has three super-factors that are independent constructs: extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism
Predicting work performance with the Big Five. What is the best predictor of performance? The second best?
Overall Performance
* Conscientiousness is the best
predictor
* Emotional stability (neuroticism)
is the second-best predictor
What is a projective test?
A personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts
Drawbacks:
* All answers need to be individually interpreted
* Difficult to score in a standardized manner
Measuring Personality: Behavioral Measures
- Involve observing an individual’s behavior in a controlled situation
Drawbacks:
* Can be seen as overly invasive
* The act of observing something can change it
Measuring Personality: Self-Report Survey
- Involves an individual’s response toa series of questions
Drawbacks:
* Impression management
* Self-deception
Dark Triad
“Dark Triad” refers to a trio of negative personality traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—which share some common malevolent features.
What is social perception? What three categories influence it?
- A process of interpreting
information about another
person - Three major categories of
characteristics influence social
perception:- The perceiver
- The target
- The situation
Barriers to social perception?
- Selective perception
- Stereotype
- First-impression error
- Projection
- Self-fulfilling prophecy/Pygmalion effect
What is Impression Management?
- Process by which individuals try
to control the impressions
others have of them - Two types: Self-enhancing and other-enhancing
Fundamental attribution error:
- Tendency to make attributions to
internal causes when focusing on
someone else’s behavior
Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute one’s
successes to internal causes and
one’s failures to external causes
What is attribution theory?
Explains how individuals
pinpoint the causes of their own
and others’ behavior
Interactional psychology says
that________:
A. Behavior is a function of person
and environment
B. Environment is a function of
person and behavior
C. Behavior has nothing to do with
environment
D. Behavior is a function of person
and mood
A. Behavior is a function of person
and environment
In which theory do person,
environment, and behavior
triadically reciprocally interact?
A. Interactional psychology
B. Trait theory
C. Social cognitive theory
D. Attribution theory
C. Social cognitive theory
Amber is often late to work and
blames it on traffic. According to
attribution theory, what source
of responsibility is Amber
blaming?
A. Environmental
B. Internal
C. Fundamental
D. External
D. External
Which of the following is NOT
one of the three major
categories of characteristics that
influence social perception?
A. The situation
B. The impression
C. The target
D. The perceiver
B. The impression
What is an attitude?
- A psychological tendency expressed when we evaluate a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
- Includes the ABC Model
What is the ABC Model?
A = Affect
* Physiological indicators
* Verbal statements about feelings
“I don’t like my boss”
B = Behavioral Intent
* Observed behavior
* Verbal statements about
intentions
“I want to transfer to another
department”
C = Cognition
* Attitude scales
* Verbal statements about beliefs
“I believe my boss plays favorites
at work”
How are attitudes formed?
- Direct experience
- Social learning = Attitudes learned from models (Four-step process: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation)
Attitudes at Work: Job Satisfaction
- Pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experiences
Attitudes at Work: Organizational Commitment
- Strength of an individual’s identification with an
organization
Emotions vs Moods
Emotions
* Mental states that include
feelings, physiological changes,
and the inclination to act
* Short-lived and intense reactions
* Have a specific and known cause
Moods
* Classified as positive or negative
and made up of various
emotions
* Last longer than emotions
* Do not have a specific cause
What is Emotional Contagion?
What is Emotional Contagion?
* The dynamic process through which emotions are transferred from one person to another, either consciously or unconsciously, via
nonverbal channels
Three-step process:
* Automatic, unconscious mimicry
* Emotional feedback
* Iterative “catching” of emotion
What is Emotional Intelligence?
- Ability to recognize and
manage emotions in
oneself and others - Four types of abilities: perceiving, understanding, facilitating, and regulating
- Popularized in the 1990s
by Dan Goleman - Extensive debate on
what emotional
intelligence is and isn’t
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB)
Behavior above and beyond the call of duty
- OCB toward the organization
(OCB-O) - OCB toward individuals within
the organization (OCB-I)
Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWB)
- Behavior that violates
organizational norms and causes
harm to the organization and/or
employees
Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior (UPB)
- Behavior that violates ethical
standards but that benefits the
organization
Ethical behavior:
Involves acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society
Values:
- Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence
Types of Values: Terminal
- Influence the goals to be
achieved or the end states of
existence - Examples: Happiness, Equality, Wisdom, and Achievement
Types of Values: Instrumental
- Shape acceptable behaviors that
can be used to achieve some
goal or end state - Examples: Honesty, Ambition, Helpfulness, and Courage
- The strength of an individual’s
identification with an
organization is ________:
A. Job satisfaction
B. Organizational citizenship
behavior
C. Job loyalty
D. Organizational commitment
D. Organizational commitment
Which of the following is NOT
part of the attitude ABC model?
A. Affect
B. Communication
C. Cognition
D. Behavioral intent
B. Communication
Janet works in customer service.
When a customer smiles at
Janet, Janet automatically smiles
back and feels a little bit happier.
What is happening to Janet?
A. Emotional contagion
B. Surface acting
C. Emotional labor
D. Deep acting
A. Emotional contagion
________ are classified as positive
or negative and made up of
various emotions.
A. Intentions
B. Counterproductive work behaviors
C. Attitudes
D. Moods
D. Moods
Motivation
The process of arousing and
sustaining goal-directed
behavior (three types: internal, external, and process)
Internal motivation
Focus on elements within
individuals
External motivation
Focus on elements of the
environment
Process motivation
Focus on interactions between
individuals and their environments
Comparison other
Individual chosen to compare
ourselves to
* Creates an equity ratio
between ourselves and our
selected comparison other
Equity theory
Equity theory is a theory of motivation that suggests that employee motivation at work is driven largely by their sense of fairness.
- Equity sensitive
Comfortable with an equal equity ratio - Benevolent
Comfortable with a lesser equity ratio - Entitled
Comfortable with a greater equity ratio
What is expectancy theory?
Based on two key assumptions:
* People expect certain outcomes of
behavior and performance
* People believe that there is a
correlation between the effort
they put in, the performance they
achieve, and the outcomes they
receive
Contains three key constructs:
* Valence = Value or importance one places on a particular reward
* Expectancy = Belief that effort leads to performance
* Instrumentality = Belief that performance is related to rewards
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Progression hypothesis:
* As one level of need is met, a person progresses to the next level need as a source of motivation
* The lowest level of ungratified needs motivates behavior
Theory X
People naturally or inherently:
* Are lazy, self-centered, and indifferent to organizational needs
* Lack ambition, dislike responsibility, and prefer to be led
* Are resistant to change
* Are gullible and easily duped
Theory Y
- Organizations have caused people to become passive or resistant through bad experiences
- Potential for motivation toward organizational goals is in everyone – managers must help people recognize and develop these
- Essential task of management is to create conditions in which people can achieve their own
goals through working toward organizational objectives
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Motivation Factors
- Work conditions that satisfy the
need for psychological growth - Influence job satisfaction
Motivation factors include:
* Achievement
* Recognition of achievement
* Work itself
* Responsibility
* Advancement
* Growth
* Salary
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory: Hygiene Factors
Work conditions that generate
dissatisfaction due to discomfort
or pain
* Influence job dissatisfaction
Hygiene factors include:
* Company policy & administration
* Supervision
* Interpersonal relations
* Working conditions
* Salary
* Status
* Security
McClelland’s Manifest Need Theory
Need for achievement, power, and affiliation
Need for Achievement:
* Encompasses excellence, competition, challenging goals, persistence, and overcoming difficulties
Need for Power:
* Concerns the desire to influence others, change people or events, and make a difference in life
Need for Affiliation:
* Urge to establish and maintain warm, close, intimate relationships with others
High Level of McClelland’s Manifest Needs
- Must win at any cost
- Must be on top and receive credit
Low Level of McClelland’s Manifest Needs
- Fears failure
- Avoids responsibility
- Remains aloof
- Maintains social distance
Which theory of motivation says
that people are naturally lazy
and self-centered?
A. Theory X
B. Maslow’s need hierarchy
C. Equity theory
D. Theory Y
A. Theory X
Which of the following is NOT a
classification of motivation
theories?
A. Process
B. Attribution
C. External
D. Internal
B. Attribution
A social exchange process
approach to motivation that
focuses on the interaction
between the individual and the
environment is:
A. Equity theory
B. Maslow’s need hierarchy
C. Expectancy theory
D. Theory X
A. Equity theory
Valence, expectancy, and
instrumentality are all part of
________ theory of motivation.
A. Need
B. Equity
C. Herzberg’s two-factor
D. Expectancy
D. Expectancy
