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Peds > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that affect infant growth

A

smoking, nutrition, dynamics of the family, education, interactions within the home

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2
Q

Normal weight parameter

A

2x bw by 5 months, 3 x bw by 12 months

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3
Q

Normal Height Parameter for infant

A

1inch a month first 6 months
@12mo 50% of birth length

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4
Q

Normal Head parameter

A

10cm growth by 12 months.

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5
Q

Infant heart rate..

A

decreases

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6
Q

Infant respirations…

A

decrease

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7
Q

Infant blood pressure…

A

increases

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8
Q

Anterior Fontanel closes…

A

12-18 mo

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9
Q

Posterior Fontanel closes…

A

6-8 weeks

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10
Q

Why are infants susceptible to heat loss?

A

Capillary are closer to skin

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11
Q

Infants bodies are mostly water which can increase risk of…

A

dehydration/ F and E imbalances

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12
Q

Indented fontanel indicates

A

dehydration

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13
Q

Bulging Fontanel indicates…

A

ICP

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14
Q

vitals in nb

A

bp
s:70-105
d: 35-55
Hr: 110-160
rr: 30-60 irregular

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15
Q

Animism is…

A

when objects come to life

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16
Q

To assess the need for fluoride we need to assess

A

home water supply source.

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17
Q

Infants are at risk of..

A

URI

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18
Q

Why are infants at higher risk for URI?

A

from 3-6 months mom will provide immunity, but then they stop so baby has to produce their own immunity. In the meantime, they are more at risk for more infections.

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19
Q

when do infants start to get their first baby teeth?

A

6-10 months and they start at the bottom of the mouth.

-her thing says 6-8 teeth by 12 months so now im confused :,) -kelli

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20
Q

Why do we introduce veggies to infants before fruits?

A

Babies like sweet-tasting stuff, so if we introduce fruit, they may not want to eat veggies.

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21
Q

The very first solid food we introduce to infants is

A

iron fortified cereal

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22
Q

when do we start introducing solid foods to infants

A

4-6 months

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23
Q

Should infants have cow’s milk their first year of life?

A

no

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for first ____ months with iron supplement added at ___ months

A

6 ; 4

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26
Q

What do we introduce lastly to infants?

A

fruit

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27
Q

What must be extinguished before babies can start switching to solids?

A

Extrusion reflex

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28
Q

Why do we need to introduce foods every 3-5 days?

A

If an infant has a food allergy, we can pinpoint the allergy.

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29
Q

What is an infant’s first way of communicating?

A

crying, around 2-4 hr a day by 6 weeks then decreases at 12 weeks.

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30
Q

At 3 months what is the language pattern for infants?

A

cooing, and will start to turn heads to rattle sounds. They will start to cry differently for different reasons.

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31
Q

Language Development at 6 months?

A

laughing, babbling, squeals, respond to name, distinguish emotions
based on voice tone.

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32
Q

Language development for 12 mo

A

3-5 words, understands simple commands, recognize words for common items

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33
Q

4 month old gross motor marker

A

hold head erect without floppig, or lagging behind
roll from back to side.

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34
Q

4 month fine motor

A

holds object with 2 hands

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35
Q

6 Months Gross motor

A

roll from back to front

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36
Q

6 months fine motor

A

holds bottle

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37
Q

9 month old gross motor

A

sits unsupported
creeps on hands and knees

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38
Q

Fine motor benchmark for infant at 9 months

A

crude pincer grasp

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39
Q

12 month gross motor

A

sits down from standing, walks with one hand or on own

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40
Q

12 months fine motor skills

A

feed self with cup and spoon, 2 block tower
turn pages in a book.

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41
Q

Erickson’s stage infant

A

trust vs mistrust

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42
Q

What effects the trust vs. Mistrust stage?

A

quality of the caregiver

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43
Q

When does separation anxiety start?

A

8 months old

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44
Q

An important event during Erickson’s stage in infants

A

feeding

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45
Q

How to promote trust in infants?

A

younger: swaddle, rocking, sucking, holding
Older: parents near, calm environment, same caregiver.

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46
Q

Piaget stage in Infant

A

sensory-motor : learn about themselves and the world through sensory, motor, listening and grasping

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47
Q

Major tasks accomplished in Piagets for infants

A

Separation: separation from themselves and objects
Object permanence: object leaves visual field, still exist
Mental Representation: ability to visualize things that are not physically there

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48
Q

Age appropriate activities for infant

A

solitary play, do not share,
ex: rattles, stuffed animals, teething toys, read to them, music box, balls.

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49
Q

when does object permanence form?

A

8 months old

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50
Q

Infant bottle feeding safety

A

burp 2-3 times a feeding
hold while feed
do not overfeed, they will spit up.

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51
Q

Sensory development in infants (sight and smell)

A

sight: prefer contrast, nearsighted, full color by 7 mo
Smell: differentiate smell and taste of moms breast milk (love sweets)

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52
Q

Do Primitive reflexes disappear?

A

yes

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53
Q

Palmer grasp

A

stroke palm and hand closes
4-6mo

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54
Q

Plantar grasp

A

toe curls around your finger
9mo-1y

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55
Q

Moro reflex

A

head lower than body, arms will raise , and may cry afterwards
caused by sudden loud noise
disappears at 6mo

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56
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

touch cheek, will turn head towards the side that was touched and open mouth, attempt to suck
disappears 4mo

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57
Q

Sucking reflex

A

touch top of mouth
becomes voluntary
4mo

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58
Q

Babinski

Baboon Balls

A

stroke from bottom to top of foot, and toes spread outwards.
1y

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59
Q

Crawling

A

push against bottom of foot, and they will try to crawl away from you
few weeks

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60
Q

Step reflex

A

Hold upright
disappears at 4 months

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61
Q

Tonic (fencing)

A

when infants head is turned to a particular side, the leg and arm on that side will extend while the arm and leg on other will flex
disappear at 4months

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62
Q

What years of life are toddlers

A

-ages 1-3 years

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63
Q

hr/ rr for toddlers

A

hr: 80-110
RR: 40 regular

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64
Q

The challenge when handling toddlers is to

A

encourage independent and autonomy while keeping toddler safe

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65
Q

Rule of weight for a toddler?

A

4 times birth weight by age 30 months

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66
Q

Physical growth and acquisition of new motor skills in a toddler increase or decrease from that of an infant?

A

-slow / decrease

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67
Q

How many lbs a year do toddlers gain

A

4-6

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68
Q

Height rule for toddlers

A

grows up to 3 in per year

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69
Q

toddlers reach half of their adult height by age

A

2

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70
Q

Head circumference becomes equal with chest conference by age

A

1-2 years (toddler)

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71
Q

Anterior fontanels close by

A

18 months

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72
Q

Head size is more proportioned to the body by age

A

3

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73
Q

By age 2, the head size of a toddler is _____ % of adult sized

A

90

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74
Q

Myelination of brain and spinal cord is complete by

A

24 months

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75
Q

What does myelination of brain and spinal cord allow for

A

-improved equilibrium
-control of anal and urethral sphincters for potty training

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76
Q

What type of play do toddlers evolve into

A

-parallel play

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77
Q

what is parallel play?

A
  • toddlers sit and play next to each other but do not engage with each other
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78
Q

Toilet training may begin when,

A

toddlers have the sensation or need to urinate and defecate

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79
Q

do toddlers like to share toys?

A

no because they are egocentric

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80
Q

Erikson’s theory of development for toddlers

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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81
Q

Age-appropriate activities for a toddler

A

-filling/emptying containers
-blocks
-looking at books
-push-pull toys
-tossing balls
-finger paints
-large - piece puzzles
-thick crayons

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82
Q

What four categories fall under the autonomy vs shame and doubt

A
  1. independence
  2. ritualism
  3. negativism
  4. egocentric
    + temper tantrums and regression
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83
Q

Parents should limit television viewing for toddlers and encourage

A

creative and physical play

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84
Q

Ex of independence in toddlers

A

-attempt to do everything for themselves

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85
Q

the short attention span of toddlers will make them …

A

change toys frequently

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86
Q

Ex of ritualism in toddlers autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

-consistency and maintaining routines

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87
Q

Temper tantrums are common in toddlers and result when

A

toddlers are frustrated with restrictions on their independence

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88
Q

Ex of negativism in toddlers autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

saying no repetitively .. expressing independence

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89
Q

Separation anxiety may re-emerge between ages

A

18-24 months

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90
Q

Ex of egocentric in toddlers autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

toddlers are unable to see things from the perspective of others . “this is mine”

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91
Q

How many hours of sleep do toddlers require?

A

12 hours

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92
Q

Aggressive behavior is typical in toddlers and may result in

A

hit, bite, or take other children’s toys

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93
Q

What may be used for comfort and security as a child sleeps

A

transitional objects such as a favorite blanket or favorite bear

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94
Q

An example of shame and doubt experienced by toddlers is commonly caused by

A

-potty training
-caregivers shaming children for accidents

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95
Q

Car safety for children under two

A

rear facing with harness straps and clip until age 2 / manufacturer guidelines

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96
Q

During times of high stress, what may we notice in our toddlers

A

-regression (ex is new sibling or hospitalization)

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97
Q

Car safety for after age two

A

forward facing seat but in rear seat of a car

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98
Q

Cognitive development, or Piaget’s Theory of Learning transitions from the sensory motor to the ______ stage around _____ yrs

A

preoperational ; 2

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99
Q

If appropriate rear seat is unavailable, how do we promote safety in the car for our toddlers?

A

disabling airbags so they do not deploy

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100
Q

During the Preoperational stage of Cognitive development, toddlers develop

A

symbolic thought

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101
Q

Why are toddlers at risk for injury?

A
  1. curiosity
  2. lack of impulse control
  3. mobility
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102
Q

What is symbolic thought

A

-pretending a broom is a horse
-use an object to represent something else

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103
Q

By providing a childproof environment, what does this allow the toddler to do

A

explore and learn

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104
Q

What is domestic mimicry seen in the preoperational stage

A

when they imitate previously seen activities (ex. sweeping, carrying a baby)

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105
Q

Exposure to tobacco (even on clothes) in the toddler puts that at risk for

A
  1. otitis media
  2. upper respiratory infection
  3. decreased respiratory function
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106
Q

Why are toddlers likely to develop iron deficiency anemia?

A

-no longer getting it from breast milk / formula and cow’s milk is a poor replacement

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107
Q

Toddlers are able to open drawers, so if there are guns in the home they should be

A

locked in cabinets with ammunition in a separate location

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108
Q

What is physiologic anorexia seen in toddlers?

A

when the growth rate slows decreasing the need for protein and fluid as compared to infancy

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109
Q

As toddlers gain hand dexterity, they can reach for dangerous items on the stoves and counters leading to

A

burns

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110
Q

What are food jags seen in toddlers

A

when toddlers want certain foods for time periods and then not wanting them after that.

teach parents do not give into junk foods

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111
Q

Why is it important to push furniture against the wall or deadbolt it

A

when toddlers begin climbing on them they can fall on top of them

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112
Q

What is ritualism seen in the nutrition of toddlers

A

have to use same dish, cup or spoon, or will not eat

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113
Q

What is the leading cause of death for children ages 1-4

A

drowning

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114
Q

What kind of foods do toddlers prefer

A

finger foods

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115
Q

Drownings for toddlers can occur in what places

A
  1. bath tubs 2. pools
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116
Q

Why do we wean toddlers at 12-15 months

A

prevent dental carries

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117
Q

Substances such as button batteries, detergent pods, and house plants increase toddler risk for

A

poisoning

118
Q

How many full meals and snacks should toddlers eat

A

-3 full meals and two snacks

119
Q

How to prevent poisoning in the home

A

-make cabinets unaccessible
-keep safety caps on with original bottles
-do not refer to medicines as candy

120
Q

Before initiating any intervention, if children have potential poisoning, what should parents do

A

contact poison control

121
Q

Is syrup of ipecac still used to prevent posioning in toddlers?

A

No; this should not be used to induce vomiting

122
Q

Toddler safety DANGERS acronym

A

Drowning (even small amounts of water)
Auto Accidents (car seat safety)
Nose - dives (FALLS)
Getting burned (outlets, stove, fires)
Eating toxins (pills, liquids)
Revolvers/rifles (unsecure firearms)
Suffocate/ choke (small things, foods)

123
Q

Why do toddlers have increased risk for UTI

A

short urethra in males and females

124
Q

Why do toddlers have an increased risk for ear infections

A

short and straight Eustachian tube

125
Q

toddler atraumatic care strategies

A
  1. allowing parents to do most thing
  2. giving them choices (autonomy)
  3. keeping consistent routine
  4. distractions with music
  5. consistent caregivers
126
Q

An example of telegraphic sentences said by toddlers

A

‘mommy cookie’

127
Q
A
128
Q

toddlers often repeat words spoken to this. this is known as

A

echolalia

129
Q

How much do pre-schoolers grow?

A

2.5-3.5 inches a year

130
Q
A
131
Q

How much weight do preschoolers gain a year?

A

4.5-6.5

132
Q

Preschoolers lose what and start to gain?

A

baby fat, muscle

133
Q

When are baby teeth complete?

A

30 months

134
Q

Preschoolers can hold their breath by what age?

A

4

135
Q

Biggest milestone for Preschoolers?

A

getting ready for school.

136
Q

Does height slow down in pre-schoolers?

A

yes.

137
Q

Type of play Preschool

A

associative play

138
Q

What is Associative play?

A

children will play side by side, and will start to share toys but not working together on a common goal

139
Q

Average weight and heigt preschool

A

w: 41 lbs
h: 43.5 inch

140
Q

Organ system highlights Preschool

A

alveoli increase: decrease risk of URI
loss of teeth around 5/6
Immature musculoskeletal: higher risk for injury

141
Q

Nutrition for Preschoolers

A

less picky at this stage
obeseity prevention

142
Q

Erickson’s stage Preschooler

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

143
Q

Initiative stage Preschool

A

can explore, make decisions, and initiate activites.
Sense of accomplishment and pride when successful

144
Q

Guilt stage Preschool

A

initiation is repressed through critisism and controlled, will believe they have misbehaved or unable to complete task

145
Q

Self concept development (ps)

A

feel good about themselves with regard to mastering skills that allow independence

146
Q

Regression (ps)

A

stress or illness, may go back to previous immature behaviors or develop habits
(bed wetting after Potty training)

147
Q

Piagets Stage (Ps)

A

Preoperational continued

148
Q

Preopoerational thought (ps)

A

Preconceptual (2-4)
sees world through egocentric point of view only.

149
Q

Intuitive (4-7)

A

moves from totally egocentric thoughts to social awareness and ability to consider other’s viewpoints

150
Q

4 big in Piagets (ps)

A

magical thinking
imaginary friend
animism
time: begin to understand time

151
Q

Magical thinking

A

all thoughts are powerful, step on a crack, break moms back.

152
Q

Emotional ans social development (PS)

A

Moral develop: actions based whether or not it will result in reward of punishment.
-imagination allows anything to be possible: god

153
Q

Body image ps

A

age 5 begin to compare themselves to peers
begin to recognize difference in appearance and identifying acceptable vs unaccetpable.

154
Q

Huge thing that develops in ps?

A

fears: due to vivid imagination

155
Q

what can cause fears?

A

Animism.
toys that look scary, make loud noises
can invent monsters
fear of dark
doctors.
acknowledge these, do not minimize.

156
Q

Fears of hospital enviornment

A

hospitalization: they are sick because of something they did.
sickness punishment

Procedures: mutliation of body.

157
Q

Myelination of spinal cord allows for what?

A

bowel and bladder control

158
Q

Langage Development in PS

A

5 word sentences
2000 words

159
Q

Gross motor milestones PS

A

agile now, hopping, skipping, tip toes, climbing, up and down stairs
use body to understand concepts

160
Q

Fine motor skills ps

A

write, scissors, tie shoes, button shirts, grasp utensils, feed themselves, copy and write name.

161
Q

age appropriate activities PS

A

reading books, sandbox, messy play, puzzles/ playing ball, pretend, dress up, puppets

162
Q

Atraumatic care PS

A

speak honestly
simple terms
allow choices
puppets/story telling
participate in imaginary play

163
Q

Nutrition PS

A

1200-1400 kcal a day
screen time <2 hr
physical activity for an hour or more a day.

164
Q

Taste discirmination is poor in ps, putting them at risk for?

A

posioning

165
Q

why may PS resist bedtime?

A

fear of dark and nightmares

166
Q

Leading cause of death in PS

A

unintentional injury

167
Q

Car safety for ps

A

forward facing car seat with harness and top thether until they outgrow it.

168
Q

When can children transition to booster seat?

A

4’9, fastend properly

169
Q

Sleep ps

A

12 hours a night with a nap during the day

170
Q

Dental Ps

A

Baby teeth are in by 5-6 will start to lose them
dentist appointments every 6 months

171
Q
A
172
Q
A
173
Q
A
174
Q
A
175
Q
A
176
Q
A
177
Q

school age vs

A

hr: 65-110
rr:18-30
sys:97-120
dia:55-70

178
Q

How old is a school - aged child

A

6-12 (accompanied by periods of slow progressing physical growth)

179
Q

What is Erickson’s stage for the school aged child

A

Industry vs Inferiority

180
Q

What is the goal for a school-aged child during Industry (Erikson’s theory)

A

Competency (acquiring new skills and developing confidence to achieve goals)

181
Q

What is industry in Erikson’s industry for inferiority (school aged)

A

-development of skills and knowledge
-development of self-worth and social skills

182
Q

What is inferiority in Erikson’s stage

A

-can develop when the child is unable to complete the tasks or acquire skills as ‘expected’ and alters child’s self esteem

183
Q

Piaget’s theory for cognitive development in the school aged child (occurs mostly during the 7-11 age)

A

Concrete operations

184
Q

What are the obtained goals during Piaget’s Concrete Operations

A
  1. Concrete thinkers (takes a statement for exactly how it is said)
  2. Principle of conservation
  3. Understand reversibility
  4. classify and sort things
  5. Learn to tell time
185
Q

What is an example of concrete thought seen in Piaget’s Concrete Operations stage

A

‘its raining cats and dogs’
-child will think it is literally raining cats and dogs

186
Q

What is the principle of conservation seen in Piaget’s Concrete Operations?

A

properties of objects remain the same even when appearance changes

(think of same amount of spaghetti on two different sized plates)

187
Q

What is reversibility seen in Piaget’s stage of concrete operations>

A

’s or objects can be changed or returned to their original state

188
Q

Developmental concert topics for a school - aged child?

A

Moral development
Self Concept Development
Body image

189
Q

Moral development in a school-aged child

A

-early: believe what they think is wrong and what others tell them is right
-late: understand different points of view
-conceptualize treat others the way they would like to be treated

190
Q

Self- concept development in the school aged child

A

-awareness of themselves and their own characteristics, values, and abilities
-feedback from teachers, parents, coaches influences child self-esteem, worth and confidence

191
Q

Body image development in the school aged child

A

-very interested in how others view their clothing, body, and bodily changes
-feeling accepted is important
-solidification of body image occurs

192
Q

Are school aged children more or less modest than pre-schoolers?

A

more (enjoy their privacy)

193
Q

Peer relationships in the school aged child

A

-peer pressure takes effect
-clubs and BFFs popular
-bullies target those who do not associate with peer norms

194
Q

Teacher and school influences in the school-aged child

A

-school is second only to the family
-teachers play a role in guarding intellectual development and shaping child’s values

195
Q

Family influence in the school-aged child

A

-parents continue to influence self ideals
-middle childhood opinions of peers and teachers become more valuable

196
Q

School aged children 4-8 years who are moderately active need ____ calories a day ; gas 9-13 need ____ calories a day

A

1400-1600 ; 1600-2000

197
Q

School aged children aged 4-8 need ______ mg of calcium and 9-13 need ______ mg of calcium

A

1000, 1300

198
Q

Risk factor for obesity in school aged child

A

HEAVY acronym

H igh caloric diet
E xercise lacking (need 1 hr daily)
A ccessibility to healthy foods limited
V iew food as a way to deal with stress
Y our genetics and family dynamics

199
Q

Education on managing or preventing obesity in the school-aged child

A

-make it a family effort (set obtainable goals and start slow)
-replace junk food that child likes with creative healthy foods

200
Q

Obese children have 2x higher risk for ?

A

-CV disease, high cholesterol, type II diabetes, sleep apnea, orthopedic problems, and MH problems

201
Q

What is the definition of bullying?

A

Physical , emotional, destruction of personal property
-can be digital or in person
-causes harm or control someone

202
Q

Signs that a child is being bullied

A

-physical injuries child can’t explain
-school items missing
-doesn’t want to go to school (sick)
-behavior changes
-poor grades

203
Q

Behavior changes seen in school aged child being bullied?

A

low self-esteem, withdrawing, agitated, depressed, suicidal behavior

204
Q

Children that bully often have these characteristics:

A

-low self esteem
-poor grades
-poor interpersonal skills

205
Q

What is school refusal or school phobia seen in a school aged child

A

-refusal to attend school or stay the whole day
-may fear teachers, bullying, changing in locker rooms, riding the bus, etc

206
Q

School refusal symptoms in the young school aged child

A

headache and stomachache

207
Q

School refusal symptoms in the older school aged child

A

palpitations or feeling faint

208
Q

Sexual development in the school aged child can lead to

A

negative perception of physical appearance and low self esteem

209
Q

Delayed sexual development in boys and early development in girls may lead to? (school aged child)

A

-altered body image, embarrassment, risk taking behaviors

210
Q

Brain growth in the school aged child is complete by age?

A

10
-head is longer and facial bone proportion changes

211
Q

During the school-aged years, abdominal breathing is replaced by

A

diaphragmatic breathing

212
Q

Frontal sinuses develop in the school aged child by age

A

7

213
Q

Tonsil development in the school aged child

A

-decrease in size but remain large

214
Q

in school aged children, is the heart small or large compared to body size ?

A

small

215
Q

In the school aged child, 20 baby teeth are replaced by

A

28-32 permanent teeth (excluding wisdom teeth)

215
Q

School aged children grow ___ in per year

A

2

216
Q

Does the stomach capacity increase or decrease in the school aged child

A

-increases but caloric needs lower

216
Q

School aged children gain about ______ lbs/ yaer

A

4.5-6.5

217
Q

IgA and IgG reach adult levels by age _____ (School aged child)

A

10

217
Q

In school aged years, are girls or boys typically taller

A

girls

218
Q

Why may school aged children have more infections first 1-2 years?

A

-new exposure to pathogens

218
Q

What is important to remember about the growth rate and emotional maturity of school aged children

A

-slow growth rate may not indicate that a child is not mature emotionally

(even though they look 7 they may actually be 10 and needed to be treated that way)

219
Q

Bladder capacity in the school aged child

A

-girls greater than boys
-capacity = age in years + 2 oz

219
Q

What kind of play does school aged children participate in

A

cooperative play

220
Q

Musculoskeletal changes in the school aged child

A

-greater coordination and strength
-muscles immature and easily injured
-bones continue to ossify but not fully mineralized

220
Q

Types of play in a school aged child

A

-board games, card games, computer games, action figures, scrapbook, diary, joining clubs and gangs

221
Q

Age of onset for puberty for boys and girls (school aged)

A

girls: 9-10
boys: 10-11
-characterized by development of secondary sex characteristics

221
Q

Age appropriate activities for school aged child

A

ride bicycles, building models, collecting rocks/ cards, organized sports

222
Q

What age is preadolescence considered?

A

middle childhood and age 13

222
Q

How old is the adolescent

A

11-20

223
Q

Hearing deficits that are less severe may not be diagnosed until child?

A

-enters school and has learning or speech difficulties

223
Q

Do adolescents experience rapid or slow growth

A

-rapid
(second only to infancy)

224
Q

Peripheral vision and color discrimination are developed by age

A

7

224
Q

Puberty occurs in girls around

A

9-10

225
Q

The typical school aged child has what type of vision

A

20/20

225
Q

Puberty occurs in boys around

A

10-11

226
Q

the final _____ % of height occurs during puberty

A

20-25

227
Q

Girls typically grow _____ in and gain _______ lbs during adolescence

A

2-8 in ; 15-55

228
Q

Boys grow ____ in and gain _____ lbs during adolescence

A

4-12 ; 15-65

229
Q

Height increase in girls is rapid before menarche and ceases _____ years after menarche

A

2-2.5

230
Q

Boys stop growing around ____ years of age

A

18-20

231
Q

Muscle increases in boys during adolescence and ______ increases in girls

A

fat deposits

232
Q

Increasing myelin sheath growth in adolescence allows for

A

speed, accuracy , and coordination of motor skills

233
Q

Is lung volume capacity greater in adolescent boys or girls

A

boys

234
Q

By adolescence, RR reaches

A

adult rate

235
Q

Voice changes that occur for both boys and girls during adolescence

A

deepening of voice (more pronounced in males) , growth in larynx and vocal cords cause voice changes

236
Q

Does heart muscle increase in size and strength during adolescents?

A

yes

237
Q

Is blood volume higher in boys or girls during adolescents? why?

A

boys ; more muscle mass

238
Q

What age do wisdom teeth erupt in adolescence

A

17-20
(have full set of permanent teeth as well)

239
Q

Ossification of skeletal system boys vs girls

A

-boys late adolescents
-occurs earlier in girls

240
Q

What happens when sex hormones erupt during adolescence

A

-closing of growth plates

241
Q

Changes to the integumentary system with adolescents

A

-skin thick and tough
-sebacaceous glands active on face, hair, and genitals
-increased sebum production= oily hair and acne
-exocrine and apocrine sweat glands at adult level

242
Q

What hormones are involved during adolescent changes

A

-Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates release of Follicle stimulating (FSH) and Luteinizing (LH)

243
Q

Function of LH in girls

A

-leads to ovulation

244
Q

function of LH in males

A

-Leydig cells in boys –> testicles mature, testosterone produced

245
Q

FSH and LH in males stimulate

A

sperm production

246
Q

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone lead to

A

changes in muscles, bones, skin and hair follicles

247
Q

First menstrual period (menarche) occurs between what ages

A

9-15 (average 12 years)

248
Q

When does breast budding (thelarche) occur ?

A

between ages 9-11

249
Q

First sign of puberty in boys is ?

A

testicular enlargement in response to testosterone secretion

250
Q

Order of puberty changes in girls

A

breast development –> pubic hair –> axillary hair –> menstruation

251
Q

Order of puberty changes in males

A

testicular enlargement –> pubic hair growth –> penile enlargement –> facial hair –> vocal changes

252
Q

What tool is used to evaluate the stages of puberty in males and females

A

tanner stages of puberty

253
Q

Erikson’s theory in adolescence

A

Identity vs role confusion

254
Q

What is identity in Erikson’s theory

A

-adolescent develops their own individual sense of self

255
Q

What is role confusion in adolescents

A

-adolescent not successful in developing own sense of self
-believe they cannot express themselves in any manner due to societal restrictions

256
Q

Self esteem and self concept is developed by what in the adolescent

A

perception of body image

257
Q

Adolescents need how much sleep at night

A

10 h

258
Q

Why do adolescents have difficulty getting up?

A

increase desire for independence causes for staying up later for school work

259
Q

Adolescents still need dental visits every ___ months, should floss every day, and should brush teeth ___ times a day

A

6, 3

260
Q

When is the most common time for orthodontics and need for proper teeth brushing to prevent gingivitis and caries

A

adolescence

261
Q

What eating disorders are common in the adolescent

A

anorexia and bulimia

262
Q

Obesity rates in the adolescents have ______ in the last 30 years due to poor diets and lack of activity

A

tripled

263
Q

Average number of calories needed during adolescence

A

2000

264
Q

What additional vitamins and minerals are needed during adolescents

A

calcium, iron, protein, and zinc

265
Q

How much calcium is needed in the adolescent per day

A

1300 mg

266
Q

How much iron is needed for girls and boys during adolescents per day

A

males 11 mg daily, females 15 mg daily

267
Q

Sexual health in the adolescent

A

-contraception and safe sex practices are key teaching points for nurses

268
Q

During sexual health discussions, what important part of relationships should be discussed

A

dating violence and unhealthy romantic relationships

269
Q

What is the leading cause of death for adolescents

A

unintentional injuries

270
Q

Leading causes of unintentional injury deaths in adolescent

A
  1. motor vehicle accidents
  2. poisoning (opioid overdose)
  3. drowning
  4. firearms (suicide and homicides)
271
Q

risk factors for unintentional injuries in the adolescent

A

-rapid physical growth, impulsivity, inexperience, peer pressure, risk - taking behavior

272
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in ages 10-24 years

A

suicide

assess for poor school performance, lack of interest, social isolation, disturbances of sleep

273
Q

Developmental concerns for adolescents includes

A

-changes in body image
-peer groups
-violence
-homicide
-substance use

274
Q

Hospitalization / illness level of understanding in the adolescent include

A

-their ability to understand cause and effect
-perceptions of illness severity are based on degree of body image changes

275
Q

Impact of hospitalization in the adolescent

A

-body image disturbance
-attempts to maintain composure
-embarrassed about losing control
-isolation from peers
-worry about school outcome and activities
-may not adhere to medication / treatment plan due to peer influence

276
Q

Atraumatic care approaches in the adolescent

A

-provide factual information
-include in the planning of care to relieve feelings of powerlessness
-encourage contact with peer group

277
Q

Caring for the hospitalized adolescent includes

A

-provide opportunities for indpeendence
-encourage them to participate in decisions
-encourage socialization
-identify self care deficits

278
Q

Communicating with teens in the hospital include

A

-allow sufficient time for conversation
-face to face
-ask open ended questions
- be honest
-ask for their input
-state expectations and set limits fairly
-be respectful

279
Q

Nurses should educate teens and piercing under non sterile conditions because it increases the risk of

A

HIV/ Hep B, infections, metal allergies

279
Q

Piaget’s development in the adolescent

A

Formal operations

280
Q

Piagets formal operations (used for adolescents) includes

A
  1. abstract thinking
  2. invincibility (risk taking– think they are immune)

Peds (3 decks)

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