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Histology Exams > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dec in size and fn of cell/tissue

A

atrophy

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2
Q

incomplete developmet or absence of organ

A

agnesis

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3
Q

no organ developed but the primordium still exists

A

aplasia

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4
Q

incomplete development –> smaller organ

A

hypoplasia

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5
Q

inc in size of cell

A

hypertrophy

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6
Q

inc in # of cells

A

hyperplasia

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7
Q

adaptive substitution where one adult type of cell differentiates into another type of the
same basic tissue for protection against constant irritants

A

metaplasia

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8
Q

bronchus metaplasia

A

cigarettes–> inflammation–> simple ciliated columnar to squamous

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9
Q

a disorderly growth pattern which contains abnormal cells,
usually preceded by chronic irritation or inflammation (most often occurring in OC, cervix, respiratory)

A

dysplasia

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10
Q

characteristics of dysplasia

A

cytoarchitecture
pleomorphism
inc mitosis
hyperchromatism

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11
Q

loss of normal cell organization

A

cytoarchitecture

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12
Q

inc variability in size and shape of cell and nucleus

A

pleomorphism

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13
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

benign locally

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14
Q

carcinoma microinvasion

A

starts to spread locally in same organ

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15
Q

new, autonomous growth that does NOT respond to cell growth mechanisms because of mutations
 tumor formation

A

neoplasia

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16
Q

benign neoplasm

A

localized, does not infiltrate adjacent tissue, encapsulated,

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17
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

growth that does infiltrate adjacent tissue (invade) or spreads widely to other parts of body
(metastasize) or does both & are anaplastic

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18
Q

when cell loses its specific characteristics in morphology, functionality or both (e.g. cell no
longer looks like itself or doesn’t make a certain protein anymore)

A

anaplasia

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19
Q

what does an inc in mitosis do

A

inc # of mitotic figures

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20
Q

tumors whose parenchyma cells are just one type of tissue

A

simple tumor

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21
Q

tumors show two types of neoplastic tissue in parenchyma (e.g. glandular & CT)

A

mixed tumor

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22
Q

derived from multi-potential cells  tissues from all 3 germ layers  hair, teeth, muscle
may have malignant component

A

teratoma

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23
Q

fibroma

A

benign tumor of fibroblast origin (fibrous CT causing tumor)

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24
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

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25
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of skeletal muscle
26
adenoma
glandular cell
27
papilloma
papillary growth pattern
28
fibroadenoma
mixed cell origin
29
hemangioma
proliferating blood channels that appear red
30
lymphangioma
proliferating lymphatic channels
31
hamartoma
not neoplastic but represent normal overgrowth
32
cancer of EP cells
carcinoma
33
cancer of mesenchymal cell origin
sarcoma
34
why is it bad to allow a benign tumor to grow?
- compression of vital structures - excessive hormone production - obstruction malignant potential
35
benign tumor characteristics
- slow growing - no capsule - regular borders
36
malignant tumor characteristics
- generally ulcerated - rapid growing, locally invading - destroys normal tissue
37
clinical manifestations of cancer
cachexia
38
progressive loss of body mass, weakness, anorexia and anemia - fat loss and muscle loss
cachexia
39
IL-10
cytokine in immunosuppression overexpressed leading to a lack of immunity
40
effects of cancer on host
- ulcerations, bleeding,infection - cachexia - immunosuppression - paraneoplastic syndromes - alteration in carb metabolism - protein metabolism - fat metabolism
41
grade 1 neoplasm
well differentiated
42
grade 2/3 neoplasm
moderately differentiated
43
grade 4 neoplasm
poorly differentiated
44
TNM system staging of cancer
TO, T1-4: size of tumor N0-3: spread to lymph nodes M0 or M1: absence or presence of metastases
45
proto-oncogenes
genes that promote growth via growth factors
46
proto-oncogene route
Growth factor binds to cell membrane R -> signal transducer* -> 2nd messenger system* which carries signal -> nucleus -> growth genes* -> growth induction
47
intrinsic cell death
occurs in response to cell injury, loss of stimulatory growth factors, or DNA damage
48
extrinsic cell death
response to several external death signals
49
Bax Gene
role in regulating intrinsic apoptosis
50
inactive enzymes such as proteases and endonucleases
caspases
51
extrinsic pathway
- FAS ligand binding the FAS death receptor (CD95) - CD95 mediates a cascade of caspase activation via FADD, a death domain-containing adapter protein
52
acid dyes bind to what
bases
53
basic dyes bind to what
acids
54
eosin
acidic dye cell components are acidophilic
55
hematoxylin
cell components are basophilic
56
microorganisms are capable of causing infectious diseases
germ theory
57
general adaptation syndrome
the body responds to stress in an attempt to maintain or adapt through the autonomic/central NS - if demand exceeds body ability, disease can occur
58
Psychoneuroimmunology theory
adds the interactions among behavior and neural, endocrine, enteric(intestines), and immune systems. Influence of nervous system on immune and inflammatory responses.
59
ischemia
lack of blood flow
60
re-perfusion injury
restore of blood flow introduces O2 WITHIN cells that damages protein, DNA, and plasma membrane
61
process in order of apoptosis
cytochrome c releases from mitochondria -> loss of lipid bilayer asymmetry -> proteases -> mitochondrial depolarization -> loss of plasma membrane integrity
62
hydropic swelling
increase in cell volume characterized by large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus
63
study of cells
cytology
64
study of tissues
histology
65
phase contrast microscope
Light changes speed and direction when passing through cellular and extracellular structures with different refractive indices
66
Differential Interference Contrast Microscope
similar to phase contrast, but uses additional prisms and polarizers to generate contrast in fixed or living specimens
67
tissue processing steps
1. fix 2. decalcify 3. dehydrate 4. clearing 5. embedding 6. sectioning 7. rehydration 8. staining
68
embedding materials
paraffin, plastic resins
69
basophilia
Hematoxylin H: basic dye carries (+) charge which binds to (-) charged molecules
70
acidophilia
eosin E: acid dye carries (-) charge which binds to (+) charged molecules
71
silver salts
argentophilia, argyrophilia
72
what does sudan black staid
lipids
73
what does PAS stain
glycoproteins and other carb rich molecules
74
immunofluorescent microscopy
1. Fluorescent molecules attached to antibodies 2. Excitation and emission of light waves
75
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
1. Light source: electrons from heated tungsten filament 2. Electromagnetic coils: lenses 3. Sample Preparation: limited ability of electrons to penetrate biological molecules
76
Techniques of specific labeling and localization of individual proteins Antigens-antibodies: antibodies recognize particular antigen and bind tightly to antigenic material
immunocytochemistry
77
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
1. Fixed sample coated with thin film of heavy metal atoms 2. Cell surface features: cell surface plus metal
78
tissue culture
TISSUE CULTURE 1. Organ culture 2. Cell Culture 3. Use of microelectrodes: ion concentrations, injections of antibodies and fluorescent dyes 4. Cell differentiation
79
what are the four fundamental tissues
epithelial connective muscular nervous
80
orcein stains...
elastic fibers
81
osmium tetroxide stains...
lipids, myelin
82
oil red O stains....
lipids
83
toluidine blue stains....
hyaline cartilage or granules of mast cells
84
impregnation stains....
reticular fibers
85
tichrome stains....
connective tissues
86
undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to cells that differentiate into specialized cells of plant and animal tissue can become any cell
stem cells
87
capable of forming all differentiated cells of an adult
totipotent
88
capable of forming more than one differentiated cell type
pluripotent
89
localized regions of membrane lipids in association with specific proteins (neurological disease)
lipid rafts
90
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Steps
- Ligands bind to receptors - Receptor ligand migrate to clathrin-coated pit - Endocytosis - Vesicle loses clathrin coat - Receptor and ligand separate - Ligands go to lysosomes or golgi - Transport vesicle w/ receptor moves to cell membrane - Vesicle and cell membrane fuse - exocytosis
91
refers to the extent a substance or drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination
bioavailability
92
hyponatremia
dec plasma sodium concentration
93
downregulation
decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or another agent.
94
loss of myelin sheath
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
95
4 basic types of actin binding proteins
- spectrin 1 - spectrin 2 - a-actin - dystrophin
96
spectrin 1
holds shape of rbs
97
spectrin 2
found in all other cells
98
a-actin
found at membrane binding sites
99
dystrophin
binds actin to cell membrane in skeletal muscle
100
myosin1
found in non muscle cells, associated w terminal web
101
myosin 2
muscle associated form
102
myosin V
motor; cargo-carrying proteins
103
what is coasting
removing the stress but the symptoms still persist

Histology Exams (4 decks)

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