Exam 1 Flashcards
dec in size and fn of cell/tissue
atrophy
incomplete developmet or absence of organ
agnesis
no organ developed but the primordium still exists
aplasia
incomplete development –> smaller organ
hypoplasia
inc in size of cell
hypertrophy
inc in # of cells
hyperplasia
adaptive substitution where one adult type of cell differentiates into another type of the
same basic tissue for protection against constant irritants
metaplasia
bronchus metaplasia
cigarettes–> inflammation–> simple ciliated columnar to squamous
a disorderly growth pattern which contains abnormal cells,
usually preceded by chronic irritation or inflammation (most often occurring in OC, cervix, respiratory)
dysplasia
characteristics of dysplasia
cytoarchitecture
pleomorphism
inc mitosis
hyperchromatism
loss of normal cell organization
cytoarchitecture
inc variability in size and shape of cell and nucleus
pleomorphism
carcinoma in situ
benign locally
carcinoma microinvasion
starts to spread locally in same organ
new, autonomous growth that does NOT respond to cell growth mechanisms because of mutations
tumor formation
neoplasia
benign neoplasm
localized, does not infiltrate adjacent tissue, encapsulated,
malignant neoplasm
growth that does infiltrate adjacent tissue (invade) or spreads widely to other parts of body
(metastasize) or does both & are anaplastic
when cell loses its specific characteristics in morphology, functionality or both (e.g. cell no
longer looks like itself or doesn’t make a certain protein anymore)
anaplasia
what does an inc in mitosis do
inc # of mitotic figures
tumors whose parenchyma cells are just one type of tissue
simple tumor
tumors show two types of neoplastic tissue in parenchyma (e.g. glandular & CT)
mixed tumor
derived from multi-potential cells tissues from all 3 germ layers hair, teeth, muscle
may have malignant component
teratoma
fibroma
benign tumor of fibroblast origin (fibrous CT causing tumor)
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth muscle
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of skeletal muscle
adenoma
glandular cell
papilloma
papillary growth pattern
fibroadenoma
mixed cell origin
hemangioma
proliferating blood channels that appear red
lymphangioma
proliferating lymphatic channels
hamartoma
not neoplastic but represent normal overgrowth
cancer of EP cells
carcinoma
cancer of mesenchymal cell origin
sarcoma
why is it bad to allow a benign tumor to grow?
- compression of vital structures
- excessive hormone production
- obstruction
malignant potential
benign tumor characteristics
- slow growing
- no capsule
- regular borders
malignant tumor characteristics
- generally ulcerated
- rapid growing, locally invading
- destroys normal tissue
clinical manifestations of cancer
cachexia
progressive loss of body mass, weakness, anorexia and anemia
- fat loss and muscle loss
cachexia
IL-10
cytokine in immunosuppression overexpressed leading to a lack of immunity
effects of cancer on host
- ulcerations, bleeding,infection
- cachexia
- immunosuppression
- paraneoplastic syndromes
- alteration in carb metabolism
- protein metabolism
- fat metabolism
grade 1 neoplasm
well differentiated
grade 2/3 neoplasm
moderately differentiated
grade 4 neoplasm
poorly differentiated
TNM system staging of cancer
TO, T1-4: size of tumor
N0-3: spread to lymph nodes
M0 or M1: absence or presence of metastases
proto-oncogenes
genes that promote growth via growth factors
proto-oncogene route
Growth factor binds to cell membrane R -> signal transducer* -> 2nd messenger system*
which carries signal -> nucleus -> growth genes* -> growth induction
intrinsic cell death
occurs in response to cell injury, loss of stimulatory growth factors, or DNA damage
extrinsic cell death
response to several external death signals
Bax Gene
role in regulating intrinsic apoptosis
inactive enzymes such as proteases and endonucleases
caspases
extrinsic pathway
- FAS ligand binding the FAS death receptor (CD95)
- CD95 mediates a cascade of caspase activation via FADD, a death domain-containing
adapter protein
acid dyes bind to what
bases
basic dyes bind to what
acids
eosin
acidic dye cell components are acidophilic
hematoxylin
cell components are basophilic
microorganisms are capable of causing infectious diseases
germ theory
general adaptation syndrome
the body responds to stress in an attempt to maintain or adapt through the autonomic/central NS
- if demand exceeds body ability, disease can occur
Psychoneuroimmunology theory
adds the interactions among behavior and neural, endocrine, enteric(intestines), and immune systems. Influence of nervous system on immune and inflammatory responses.
ischemia
lack of blood flow
re-perfusion injury
restore of blood flow introduces O2 WITHIN cells that damages protein, DNA, and plasma membrane
process in order of apoptosis
cytochrome c releases from mitochondria -> loss of lipid bilayer asymmetry -> proteases -> mitochondrial depolarization -> loss of plasma membrane integrity
hydropic swelling
increase in cell volume characterized by large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus
study of cells
cytology
study of tissues
histology
phase contrast microscope
Light changes speed and direction when passing through cellular and extracellular structures with different refractive indices
Differential Interference Contrast Microscope
similar to phase contrast, but uses additional prisms and polarizers to generate contrast in fixed or living specimens
tissue processing steps
- fix
- decalcify
- dehydrate
- clearing
- embedding
- sectioning
- rehydration
- staining
embedding materials
paraffin, plastic resins
basophilia
Hematoxylin
H: basic dye carries (+) charge which binds to (-) charged molecules
acidophilia
eosin
E: acid dye carries (-) charge which binds to (+) charged molecules
silver salts
argentophilia, argyrophilia
what does sudan black staid
lipids
what does PAS stain
glycoproteins and other carb rich molecules
immunofluorescent microscopy
- Fluorescent molecules attached to antibodies
- Excitation and emission of light waves
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- Light source: electrons from heated tungsten filament
- Electromagnetic coils: lenses
- Sample Preparation: limited ability of electrons to penetrate biological molecules
Techniques of specific labeling and localization of individual proteins
Antigens-antibodies: antibodies recognize particular antigen and bind tightly to antigenic material
immunocytochemistry
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- Fixed sample coated with thin film of heavy metal atoms
- Cell surface features: cell surface plus metal
tissue culture
TISSUE CULTURE
1. Organ culture
2. Cell Culture
3. Use of microelectrodes: ion concentrations, injections of antibodies and fluorescent dyes
4. Cell differentiation
what are the four fundamental tissues
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
orcein stains…
elastic fibers
osmium tetroxide stains…
lipids, myelin
oil red O stains….
lipids
toluidine blue stains….
hyaline cartilage or granules of mast cells
impregnation stains….
reticular fibers
tichrome stains….
connective tissues
undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to cells that differentiate into specialized cells of plant and animal tissue
can become any cell
stem cells
capable of forming all differentiated cells of an adult
totipotent
capable of forming more than one differentiated cell type
pluripotent
localized regions of membrane lipids in association with specific proteins (neurological disease)
lipid rafts
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Steps
- Ligands bind to receptors
- Receptor ligand migrate to clathrin-coated pit
- Endocytosis
- Vesicle loses clathrin coat
- Receptor and ligand separate
- Ligands go to lysosomes or golgi
- Transport vesicle w/ receptor moves to cell membrane
- Vesicle and cell membrane fuse
- exocytosis
refers to the extent a substance or drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination
bioavailability
hyponatremia
dec plasma sodium concentration
downregulation
decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or another agent.
loss of myelin sheath
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
4 basic types of actin binding proteins
- spectrin 1
- spectrin 2
- a-actin
- dystrophin
spectrin 1
holds shape of rbs
spectrin 2
found in all other cells
a-actin
found at membrane binding sites
dystrophin
binds actin to cell membrane in skeletal muscle
myosin1
found in non muscle cells, associated w terminal web
myosin 2
muscle associated form
myosin V
motor; cargo-carrying proteins
what is coasting
removing the stress but the symptoms still persist
