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Histology Exams > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dec in size and fn of cell/tissue

A

atrophy

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2
Q

incomplete developmet or absence of organ

A

agnesis

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3
Q

no organ developed but the primordium still exists

A

aplasia

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4
Q

incomplete development –> smaller organ

A

hypoplasia

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5
Q

inc in size of cell

A

hypertrophy

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6
Q

inc in # of cells

A

hyperplasia

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7
Q

adaptive substitution where one adult type of cell differentiates into another type of the
same basic tissue for protection against constant irritants

A

metaplasia

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8
Q

bronchus metaplasia

A

cigarettes–> inflammation–> simple ciliated columnar to squamous

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9
Q

a disorderly growth pattern which contains abnormal cells,
usually preceded by chronic irritation or inflammation (most often occurring in OC, cervix, respiratory)

A

dysplasia

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10
Q

characteristics of dysplasia

A

cytoarchitecture
pleomorphism
inc mitosis
hyperchromatism

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11
Q

loss of normal cell organization

A

cytoarchitecture

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12
Q

inc variability in size and shape of cell and nucleus

A

pleomorphism

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13
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

benign locally

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14
Q

carcinoma microinvasion

A

starts to spread locally in same organ

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15
Q

new, autonomous growth that does NOT respond to cell growth mechanisms because of mutations
 tumor formation

A

neoplasia

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16
Q

benign neoplasm

A

localized, does not infiltrate adjacent tissue, encapsulated,

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17
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

growth that does infiltrate adjacent tissue (invade) or spreads widely to other parts of body
(metastasize) or does both & are anaplastic

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18
Q

when cell loses its specific characteristics in morphology, functionality or both (e.g. cell no
longer looks like itself or doesn’t make a certain protein anymore)

A

anaplasia

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19
Q

what does an inc in mitosis do

A

inc # of mitotic figures

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20
Q

tumors whose parenchyma cells are just one type of tissue

A

simple tumor

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21
Q

tumors show two types of neoplastic tissue in parenchyma (e.g. glandular & CT)

A

mixed tumor

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22
Q

derived from multi-potential cells  tissues from all 3 germ layers  hair, teeth, muscle
may have malignant component

A

teratoma

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23
Q

fibroma

A

benign tumor of fibroblast origin (fibrous CT causing tumor)

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24
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

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25
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor of skeletal muscle

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26
Q

adenoma

A

glandular cell

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27
Q

papilloma

A

papillary growth pattern

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28
Q

fibroadenoma

A

mixed cell origin

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29
Q

hemangioma

A

proliferating blood channels that appear red

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30
Q

lymphangioma

A

proliferating lymphatic channels

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31
Q

hamartoma

A

not neoplastic but represent normal overgrowth

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32
Q

cancer of EP cells

A

carcinoma

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33
Q

cancer of mesenchymal cell origin

A

sarcoma

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34
Q

why is it bad to allow a benign tumor to grow?

A
  • compression of vital structures
  • excessive hormone production
  • obstruction
    malignant potential
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35
Q

benign tumor characteristics

A
  • slow growing
  • no capsule
  • regular borders
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36
Q

malignant tumor characteristics

A
  • generally ulcerated
  • rapid growing, locally invading
  • destroys normal tissue
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37
Q

clinical manifestations of cancer

A

cachexia

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38
Q

progressive loss of body mass, weakness, anorexia and anemia
- fat loss and muscle loss

A

cachexia

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39
Q

IL-10

A

cytokine in immunosuppression overexpressed leading to a lack of immunity

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40
Q

effects of cancer on host

A
  • ulcerations, bleeding,infection
  • cachexia
  • immunosuppression
  • paraneoplastic syndromes
  • alteration in carb metabolism
  • protein metabolism
  • fat metabolism
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41
Q

grade 1 neoplasm

A

well differentiated

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42
Q

grade 2/3 neoplasm

A

moderately differentiated

43
Q

grade 4 neoplasm

A

poorly differentiated

44
Q

TNM system staging of cancer

A

TO, T1-4: size of tumor
N0-3: spread to lymph nodes
M0 or M1: absence or presence of metastases

45
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

genes that promote growth via growth factors

46
Q

proto-oncogene route

A

Growth factor binds to cell membrane R -> signal transducer* -> 2nd messenger system*
which carries signal -> nucleus -> growth genes* -> growth induction

47
Q

intrinsic cell death

A

occurs in response to cell injury, loss of stimulatory growth factors, or DNA damage

48
Q

extrinsic cell death

A

response to several external death signals

49
Q

Bax Gene

A

role in regulating intrinsic apoptosis

50
Q

inactive enzymes such as proteases and endonucleases

A

caspases

51
Q

extrinsic pathway

A
  • FAS ligand binding the FAS death receptor (CD95)
  • CD95 mediates a cascade of caspase activation via FADD, a death domain-containing
    adapter protein
52
Q

acid dyes bind to what

A

bases

53
Q

basic dyes bind to what

A

acids

54
Q

eosin

A

acidic dye cell components are acidophilic

55
Q

hematoxylin

A

cell components are basophilic

56
Q

microorganisms are capable of causing infectious diseases

A

germ theory

57
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

the body responds to stress in an attempt to maintain or adapt through the autonomic/central NS
- if demand exceeds body ability, disease can occur

58
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology theory

A

adds the interactions among behavior and neural, endocrine, enteric(intestines), and immune systems. Influence of nervous system on immune and inflammatory responses.

59
Q

ischemia

A

lack of blood flow

60
Q

re-perfusion injury

A

restore of blood flow introduces O2 WITHIN cells that damages protein, DNA, and plasma membrane

61
Q

process in order of apoptosis

A

cytochrome c releases from mitochondria -> loss of lipid bilayer asymmetry -> proteases -> mitochondrial depolarization -> loss of plasma membrane integrity

62
Q

hydropic swelling

A

increase in cell volume characterized by large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus

63
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

64
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

65
Q

phase contrast microscope

A

Light changes speed and direction when passing through cellular and extracellular structures with different refractive indices

66
Q

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope

A

similar to phase contrast, but uses additional prisms and polarizers to generate contrast in fixed or living specimens

67
Q

tissue processing steps

A
  1. fix
  2. decalcify
  3. dehydrate
  4. clearing
  5. embedding
  6. sectioning
  7. rehydration
  8. staining
68
Q

embedding materials

A

paraffin, plastic resins

69
Q

basophilia

A

Hematoxylin
H: basic dye carries (+) charge which binds to (-) charged molecules

70
Q

acidophilia

A

eosin
E: acid dye carries (-) charge which binds to (+) charged molecules

71
Q

silver salts

A

argentophilia, argyrophilia

72
Q

what does sudan black staid

A

lipids

73
Q

what does PAS stain

A

glycoproteins and other carb rich molecules

74
Q

immunofluorescent microscopy

A
  1. Fluorescent molecules attached to antibodies
  2. Excitation and emission of light waves
75
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A
  1. Light source: electrons from heated tungsten filament
  2. Electromagnetic coils: lenses
  3. Sample Preparation: limited ability of electrons to penetrate biological molecules
76
Q

Techniques of specific labeling and localization of individual proteins
Antigens-antibodies: antibodies recognize particular antigen and bind tightly to antigenic material

A

immunocytochemistry

77
Q

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A
  1. Fixed sample coated with thin film of heavy metal atoms
  2. Cell surface features: cell surface plus metal
78
Q

tissue culture

A

TISSUE CULTURE
1. Organ culture
2. Cell Culture
3. Use of microelectrodes: ion concentrations, injections of antibodies and fluorescent dyes
4. Cell differentiation

79
Q

what are the four fundamental tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

80
Q

orcein stains…

A

elastic fibers

81
Q

osmium tetroxide stains…

A

lipids, myelin

82
Q

oil red O stains….

A

lipids

83
Q

toluidine blue stains….

A

hyaline cartilage or granules of mast cells

84
Q

impregnation stains….

A

reticular fibers

85
Q

tichrome stains….

A

connective tissues

86
Q

undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to cells that differentiate into specialized cells of plant and animal tissue
can become any cell

A

stem cells

87
Q

capable of forming all differentiated cells of an adult

A

totipotent

88
Q

capable of forming more than one differentiated cell type

A

pluripotent

89
Q

localized regions of membrane lipids in association with specific proteins (neurological disease)

A

lipid rafts

90
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Steps

A
  • Ligands bind to receptors
  • Receptor ligand migrate to clathrin-coated pit
  • Endocytosis
  • Vesicle loses clathrin coat
  • Receptor and ligand separate
  • Ligands go to lysosomes or golgi
  • Transport vesicle w/ receptor moves to cell membrane
  • Vesicle and cell membrane fuse
  • exocytosis
91
Q

refers to the extent a substance or drug becomes completely available to its intended biological destination

A

bioavailability

92
Q

hyponatremia

A

dec plasma sodium concentration

93
Q

downregulation

A

decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making the cells less sensitive to a hormone or another agent.

94
Q

loss of myelin sheath

A

ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY

95
Q

4 basic types of actin binding proteins

A
  • spectrin 1
  • spectrin 2
  • a-actin
  • dystrophin
96
Q

spectrin 1

A

holds shape of rbs

97
Q

spectrin 2

A

found in all other cells

98
Q

a-actin

A

found at membrane binding sites

99
Q

dystrophin

A

binds actin to cell membrane in skeletal muscle

100
Q

myosin1

A

found in non muscle cells, associated w terminal web

101
Q

myosin 2

A

muscle associated form

102
Q

myosin V

A

motor; cargo-carrying proteins

103
Q

what is coasting

A

removing the stress but the symptoms still persist

Histology Exams (4 decks)

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