Exam 1 | 15th February Flashcards
How would you describe Paul Feyerabend?
Paul Feyerabend was an EPISTEMOLOGICAL ANARCHIST which means he believed science to be chaothic and there is no strictly correct method.
What is the difference between Validity and Reliability?
Reliability creates similar results for similar measurements (even if this are off center like a balance with 5kg more) but validity means also being accurate.
How can we define the relationship between Validity and Reliability?
Validity (accuracy) only exists when we also have Reliability. Results cannot be all over the place.
What is the concept of Abduction?
Abduction was introduced by Charles Peirce and it means combining a inductive and deductive approach. It looks for the most plausible explanation to a phenomenon.
What does Ockham’s razor talk about?
He defends the principle of simplicity. To keep things as simple as possible and as complex as necessary.
What are the stratas of Knowledge by Bhaskar?
The Real - strucutures and real causes
The Actual - Events and phenomena (regardless of whether we see them)
The Empirical - the observable experiences
What is Critical Realism? Who defends it?
Critical Realism is defended by Roy Baskah. He believes that there is an OBJECTIVE reality regardless of whether we observe it. However, there are external influences on the way we look at things (partial perception). Thus, he defends a HIDDEN CAUSALITY MECHANISM.
What is Deconstructivism and who defends it?
Deconstructivism was proposed by Jaccques Derrida’s. The concept questions whether there is an OBJECTIVE and STABLE REALITY. As we communicate through language, language turns things subjective and they are in itself a HUMAN CONSTRUCTION.
What do we have in common or as a difference between Critical Realism and Deconstructivism?
Critical Realism and Deconstructivsm share the EPISTEMOLOGICAL CONCEPT (Knowledge) that information and knowledge is SUBJECTIVE and a SOCIAL CONSTRUCT.
From an ONTOLOGICAL standpoint, Critical realism argues for an objective reality while Deconstructivism argues for a non-existing objective and stable reality.
What did Larry Laudan think about science?
That science is not taking into account the fact that there might be unreasonable actions taken by the scientists.
Who supports Post Modernism? What does it talk about?
Post Modernism is a cultural movement supported by Derrida’s. It challenges Scientific Objectivity.
What is Emergence?
Emergence is the capacity of a series of dynamic to impact agency and the final outcome. It is something that cannot be predicted by the union of two variables together. This is so because the whole system is more complex than the sum of its parts.
What is Agency?
Agency is the capacity of an individual to act intentionally. We then assume a causal outcome based on the existance of agency. It is also defined as a TEMPORALLY CONSTRUCTED ENGAGEMENT that changes historical situations.
What is the difference between Agency and Emergence?
Agency focuses on the individual as a decision taker. Emergence notices that the system is more complex and therefore it cannot be evaluated only from the view point of the agent.
Which criterias do we have in complexity?
Non Linear Behavior
Adaptive Network Dynamics
Order that cannot be anticipated
Is Von Neumann a sequential or a parallel processing?
Von Neumann is a sequential processing system.
What can you say about the Von Neumann memory structure?
The Von Neumann memory structure does not separate or differentiate between data memory and the program memory (instructions).
Does Von Neumann memory rely on the internet?
No, Von Neumann does not rely on the internet to process information. There are a series of hardwares etc.
What is ALU?
Arithimethic Logic Unit and it calculates informations within the CPU (Central processing Unit).
Within the CPU (Central Processing Unit) which element executes the program?
The execution of the programs are done by the CU or the CONTROL UNIT.
What does decomposition achieve?
Decomposition divides one main problematic into a smaller sequence to be digested. It divides problems into subproblems.
What is the difference between Abstraction and Decomposition?
Decomposition divides into smaller subproblems. Abstraction reduces complexity and removes that is not necessary (MINIMUM POSSIBLE).
In which order do we have Decomposition and Abstraction?
Abstraction takes the lead first using Reducing, Selecting and Identifying what is relevant. Decomposition instead divides this big problem we have identified into smaller pieces.
What is an Example of Abstraction?
A world map is an abstraction because it only gives us the fundamental steps and not the microdetails of the roads. The steps we have to take from one side to another would be instead Decomposition acting.
What is the difference between Generalization and Algoritmization?
Generalization allows us to solve new problems based on previously observed solutions. Algorithmization is following the computer logic to move from an input to an output.
What is a regression analysis in machine learning?
Regression analysis is a type of machine learning supervised learning technique.
What is the Nearest Neighbour method?
It is a machine learning technique that allows us to classify data.
What is the principle of parallel integration in mixed methods research?
The principle of parallel integration is the simultaneous collection of qualitative and quantitative data. They are brought together during the interpretation stage. None is considered more important.
What is Co-Production of knowledge?
Co-Production of knowledge in Trandisciplinarity Research has the goal of producing both academic relevant and practically relevant information.
What are the three phases of Trandisciplinarity Research?
It involves 1)Problem and Team Building 2) Solution oriented knowledge 3) Integration and application of this knowledge
What is society in the view of Trandisciplinarity Researchers?
Trandisciplinarity researchers do NOT see society as a source of Information but as an ACTIVE PARTNER. Socially speaking their goal is to enact a TRANSFORMATION.
What is the difference betwen Multidisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity?
Multidisciplinarity allows for multiple questions within the research. In transdisciplinarity we see ourselves involved in the same question from different stanpoints.
What are some opinions of Francis Bacon?
Francis Bacon argues in favor of empirical inquiry (of scientific methods) and for a detachment of old ancient masters like Aristotle.
What is the main conflict during the age of reason?
The main inquiry are fights and doubts between the Church and the Science.
What are some discoveries and facts about the age of reason (enlightment)?
It would be the new case studies in medicine, the principle of probability and statistical research. People start turning suspiscious and thinking more frequently (develop in philosophy).
What is part of the communication BUs?
The communication bus is composed of the 1) Data Bus with information
2) Control Bus - Indicates what to do with the information
3) Adress Bus - Where to send the information
What is the difference between Stakeholders and Shareholders?
Shareholders hold a part of the company. Stakeholders mean all parties included such as clients etc.
What does the Friedman Theory Defend?
The Shareholders theory argue that companies’ main goal is to profit over their clients. This encouraged large scale privatization.
What is the Stakeholder Theory?
The Stakeholder theory encourages companies to think about all their stakeholders and individuals impacted. The importance, therefore, goes beyond merely the investors.
What is called Old Workhouse?
Linear Regression which is a kind of machine learning in itself is called Old Workhouse for its implementations and contributions across the years.
What is an IPO model?
An IPO model is an Input - Process - Output Model.
