Bias and Critical Theory Flashcards
What is the Dunning-Kreuger Effect? What kind of bias is it?
The effect that explains the over-confidence of low-competence individual and the learning-curve. It is considered a cognitive bias.
What is the Optimism Bias?
The Belief that everything will turn out fine even despite the signs. It is also a cognitive bias.
What is the Hindsight bias?
The belief that the prediction we made was correct because of our superpowers and not due to some chance which most likely created the phenomenon.
To whom can we attribute the biases?
We can attribute biases to people, communities and scientists. There are specific field that look into specific localized biases within their studies.
We can say that biases are a response to…
It is a SYSTEMATIC answer to our limitations as human beings or as scientific communities.
What is a Bias?
A Bias is the action of supporting or opposing an opinion in an UNFAIR manner due to our PERSONAL OPINIONS.
What does Ancoring mean?
Ancoring is a bias connected to how we connect different elements together to make an assumption. For example, we perceive fancy and expensive cars to be “better” or more “functional” than the normal ones.
What is the cognitive bias called Apophenia?
Apophenia is when we believe to possess a clear interpretation but we are connecting unrelated random patterns.
What is the confirmation bias?
Bcs someone we look up to gives a confirmation that is simpler and it is different and its own, then we start believing it as well. The most important characteristic is that ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS are NOT accepted at all.
What is the Framing bias?
We look at a pool of people in a particular way or we structure our stratistical group according to a specific parameter.
What is the Halo Effect Bias?
Because someone had previous experience or previous “fame” we consider the person as competent which causes effects like “voting them”.
What is the meaning of Self-Serving Bias?
This means that because someone has UNFAIR and HEDONISTIC objectives he actively manipulates people to create a altered image of himself.
What is the Status Quo Bias?
Because one is not able to accept outcomes as they are and would like to continue on the status quo, they do not accept an alternative outcome to the one wished for.
What kind of Bias is Bribery? What is it?
Bribery is a bias prominent in government systems. It is when some factor (money, favour etc) has influence over the actions of a policymaker. Ex. Because I will get money out of action x, I will do it even if it is unfair. It is a different bias and it is NOT related to the cognitive biases.
What kind of Bias is the Forecast Bias? What is it?
The forecast bias is when we expect things to run according to our mental plans. Thus, we linearly continue the world as we see it. It is a statistical bias.
What kind of bias is the Observer-Expectancy bias? How can we face it?
The Observer-Expectancy Bias happens when because of an observer the subject acts or reacts in a certain manner. To face this problem, especially in medicine, there are the following methods: Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Effect. These methods alter the way the users and the medical caretakers give a vaccine and what they are told about it. It is a statistical bias.
What is the Reporting Bias? What kind of bias is it?
Reporting biases happens when a factor does not report the actual result in real life. Ex. Pregancy tests or covid tests can show false positives and false negatives. This is a statistical bias.
What is the Selection Bias? What kind of bias is it?
The selection bias happens when we are studying a statistical population, however, the sample is disproportionate.
What is the Academic Bias?
The Academic Bias happens when group of researchers have a sociological, institutional etc preference and this influences their manner of researching. This leads to simplistic reviews or to extremists thoughts.
What other types of bias are there that you know?
Other biases are the “Law Enforcement Bias”, the Media Biases, the Educational Biases.
What is an Educational Bias?
An Educational Bias analyses if certain groups are getting better or worse education based on certain personal parameters (skin color, age etc).
Which solution/relationship can we have to biases?
We can either Focus our research on these biases, or we can correct for them. The last one usually happens in Statistical research, however, we can face the world critically to avoid partially our biases.
How do we correct for Biases?
To correct for biases we can have 1) Clear methodological systems (medicine) 2) Transparent documentation that reports our biases.
Of which steps is the methodological design composed of?
The methodological design has: 1) Quantitative or Qualitative approach 2) Inductive or Deductive approach 3) Spacial dimension (Global, System, Individual) 4) Temporal Scale
