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EBP 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the evidence pyramid from top to bottom?

A

Systematic review of RTC or N of 1

RCTs

Systematic review of cohort studies

Cohort studies

Systematic review of case control studies

Case control studies

Case study or case series, cross sectional study

Clinical experience, expert opinion, mechanisms based reasoning

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2
Q

What do the higher levels of the evidence pyramid mean?

A

The higher it is the more trustworthy the study

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3
Q

Efficacy

A

Benefit of a treatment delivered in a highly controlled and ideal environment

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4
Q

Effectiveness

A

Benefit of a treatment delivered in a pragmatic manner under real world conditions

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5
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Acceptance of a general inference or premise and drawing a specific conclusion

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6
Q

What do you begin with in deductive reasoning?

A

Known principle and use your observations to confirm, reject, or modify this conclusion

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7
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Developing generalizations from specific observations

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8
Q

What does inductive reasoning begin with?

A

Experience and results in conclusion

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9
Q

What are both deductive and inductive reasoning used for?

A

To design research studies and interpret the research

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10
Q

What are types of descriptive studies?

A

Developmental research

Normative research

Qualitative research

Case study

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11
Q

What are types of exploratory studies?

A

Cohort studies

Case control studies

Correlational research

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12
Q

What are types of experimental studies?

A

RCTs

Quasi experimental

Single subject designs

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13
Q

What do descriptive studies do?

A

Describe populations

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14
Q

What do exploratory studies do?

A

Find relationships

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15
Q

What are the three essential components of an experimental research?

A

Include a control and comparison group

Independent variable manipulated by the experimenter

Subjects are randomly assigned to groups

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16
Q

Case control study

A

Retrospective

Rare outcomes

Multiple exposures

Fast

Inexpensive

Weak evidence

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17
Q

Cohort study

A

Prospective

Rare exposures

Multiple outcomes

Slow

Expensive

Strong evidence

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18
Q

Prospective study

A

In the future

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19
Q

Retrospective study

A

In the past

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20
Q

Cross sectional study

A

In the present

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21
Q

Single subject or N of 1 study

A

Cause and effect due to rigorous planning, including reliable and valid outcome measures (1 patient)

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22
Q

Case study

A

Retrospective

Less standardized and controlled

Less internal validity

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23
Q

What is the purpose of case studies?

A

Providing future research directives

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24
Q

What does it mean if p is less than alpha?

A

Reject the null hypothesis

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25
Q

What does it mean if p is greater than alpha?

A

Retain the null hypothesis (fail to reject)

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26
Q

Reliability

A

Reproducibility and consistency

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27
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy and correctness

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28
Q

Minimal detectable change (MDC)

A

The ability of an instrument to detect change beyond measurement error

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29
Q

Minimal clinically important difference (MCID)

A

Ability of an instrument to detect minimally important change

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30
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability of an instrument to detect minimal change over time

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31
Q

SpPin

A

A test with high specificity

That is positive

Helps rule a condition in

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32
Q

SnNout

A

A test with high sensitivity

That is negative

Helps rule a condition out

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33
Q

Likelihood ratios

A

Sensitivity information combined with specificity information

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34
Q

+LR

A

Sensitivity/ (1-specificity)

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35
Q

-LR

A

(1-sensitivity)/specificity

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36
Q

What means a large and conclusive shift in probability for +LR and -LR?

A

> 10 for +LR

<0.1 for -LR

37
Q

Null value

A

Does not change the probability at all

38
Q

What happens to a pre test probability if you have a +LR?

A

It shifts higher on the post test probability

39
Q

What happens to a pre test probability if you have a -LR?

A

It shifts lower on the post test probability

40
Q

How do the mean and median shift when the data is negatively skewed?

A

To the left

41
Q

How do the mean and median shift when it is positively skewed?

A

To the right

42
Q

What’s the empirical rule?

A

In a normal curve 68% will fall within 1 SD and 95% will fall within 2 SD

43
Q

What are types of quantitative variables?

A

Discrete and continuous

44
Q

Discrete variable

A

Variable with a finite number of values (rolling a 6 sided dice)

45
Q

Continuous variable

A

Variable with an infinite number of values (temperature)

46
Q

Quantitative variable

A

Measured numerically

47
Q

Qualitative variable

A

Allow for classification based on some characteristic (gender)

48
Q

Independent variable

A

Any variable being manipulated

49
Q

Dependent variable

A

Any variable that is being measured

50
Q

Nominal

A

Names (categories)

Sex or gender

51
Q

Ordinal

A

Names/categories but they have order to them (salary)

52
Q

Interval

A

Numerical data (temperature in degrees) (can go below zero)

53
Q

Ratio

A

Numerical data (distance, age, weight, time)

(Cannot go below zero)

54
Q

Point estimate

A

Single value that represents the best estimate of the population value

55
Q

Confidence interval

A

Range of values that we are confident contains the population parameter

56
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Works with a smaller data set

Process is simpler

Results obtained represent entire data set

Error is usually less

57
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Works with large data set

Process is more complex

Results obtained represent a portion of population

Error is usually more

58
Q

Type 1 error

A

Claim there is a difference when there is not

False positive

Rejecting null hypothesis when you should not have

59
Q

Type 2 error

A

Claim there is no difference when there is

False negative

Failing to reject the null when you should not have

60
Q

What does it mean if p is less than alpha?

A

Reject the null hypothesis (there is a statistical significance)

61
Q

What does it mean if p is more than alpha?

A

Fail to reject the null (is not statistically significant)

62
Q

What does it mean when alpha is set at 0.05?

A

5% probability of a type 1 error

63
Q

Null hypothesis

A

There is no change

64
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

There is a change from baseline

65
Q

What does it mean if you have a 95% confidence interval?

A

5% chance the results are outside the true range

66
Q

What does a narrower confidence interval mean?

A

More precise and less variation

67
Q

What does a larger confidence interval mean?

A

Less precise and more variation

68
Q

What does it mean if the confidence interval goes through 0?

A

It is not statistically significant

69
Q

What does being more precise mean in confidence intervals?

A

Less confident

70
Q

How does MCID relate to confidence intervals?

A

If the data is statistically significant than we look at the MCID and see if it met the point estimate (if not we move onto power)

71
Q

What does it mean if the confidence interval includes the MCID?

A

Underpowered

72
Q

What does it mean if the confidence interval does not include the MCID?

A

Adequately powered

73
Q

What are the four pillars of power?

A

Alpha

Effect size

Variance

Sample size

74
Q

What is the equation for power?

A

(Sample size)(effect size)(alpha)/variance

75
Q

What is the relationship of power to type 2 error?

A

You can find power by doing 1 minus the probability of a type 2 error

76
Q

What is A Priori estimation?

A

Sample size estimation (make power 80% and solve for sample size)

77
Q

Post hoc power analysis

A

Only done if not statistically significant

Solve for power to see if you hit 80%

78
Q

What are the basic assumptions we need to meet in order to run parametric statistical analyses?

A

Samples are random

Normal distributions

Homogeneity of variance within groups

Continuous data (ratio or interval)

79
Q

When would you use a two tailed hypothesis testing?

A

Non directional hypothesis (your alpha at .05 means you divide 5% on either side of bell curve)

(Are the results different in any way)

80
Q

When would you use a one tail hypothesis testing?

A

Directional hypothesis (greater than or less than 5% all on one side)

(More statistical power)

(Are the results just greater or just less)

81
Q

What is an independent (unpaired) t test used to do?

A

Compare two independent groups via pre and post testing

82
Q

What is a dependent (paired) t test used to do?

A

Compare one group (measured twice)

83
Q

What do both independent and dependent t test use to determine statistical significance?

A

Alpha and p value

84
Q

Example of an independent t test?

A

One group gets hand splint

One group gets regular activity

85
Q

Example of a dependent t test

A

Same group tested twice once with pillow support once without

86
Q

Repeated measure factors

A

Within subjects (dependent)

87
Q

Non repeated factors

A

Between subjects (independent)

88
Q

Is a two tail or one tail more frequently used?

A

Two tail

EBP 2 (3 decks)

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