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EBP 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the evidence pyramid from top to bottom?

A

Systematic review of RTC or N of 1

RCTs

Systematic review of cohort studies

Cohort studies

Systematic review of case control studies

Case control studies

Case study or case series, cross sectional study

Clinical experience, expert opinion, mechanisms based reasoning

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2
Q

What do the higher levels of the evidence pyramid mean?

A

The higher it is the more trustworthy the study

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3
Q

Efficacy

A

Benefit of a treatment delivered in a highly controlled and ideal environment

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4
Q

Effectiveness

A

Benefit of a treatment delivered in a pragmatic manner under real world conditions

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5
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Acceptance of a general inference or premise and drawing a specific conclusion

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6
Q

What do you begin with in deductive reasoning?

A

Known principle and use your observations to confirm, reject, or modify this conclusion

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7
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Developing generalizations from specific observations

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8
Q

What does inductive reasoning begin with?

A

Experience and results in conclusion

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9
Q

What are both deductive and inductive reasoning used for?

A

To design research studies and interpret the research

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10
Q

What are types of descriptive studies?

A

Developmental research

Normative research

Qualitative research

Case study

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11
Q

What are types of exploratory studies?

A

Cohort studies

Case control studies

Correlational research

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12
Q

What are types of experimental studies?

A

RCTs

Quasi experimental

Single subject designs

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13
Q

What do descriptive studies do?

A

Describe populations

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14
Q

What do exploratory studies do?

A

Find relationships

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15
Q

What are the three essential components of an experimental research?

A

Include a control and comparison group

Independent variable manipulated by the experimenter

Subjects are randomly assigned to groups

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16
Q

Case control study

A

Retrospective

Rare outcomes

Multiple exposures

Fast

Inexpensive

Weak evidence

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17
Q

Cohort study

A

Prospective

Rare exposures

Multiple outcomes

Slow

Expensive

Strong evidence

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18
Q

Prospective study

A

In the future

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19
Q

Retrospective study

A

In the past

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20
Q

Cross sectional study

A

In the present

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21
Q

Single subject or N of 1 study

A

Cause and effect due to rigorous planning, including reliable and valid outcome measures (1 patient)

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22
Q

Case study

A

Retrospective

Less standardized and controlled

Less internal validity

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23
Q

What is the purpose of case studies?

A

Providing future research directives

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24
Q

What does it mean if p is less than alpha?

A

Reject the null hypothesis

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25
What does it mean if p is greater than alpha?
Retain the null hypothesis (fail to reject)
26
Reliability
Reproducibility and consistency
27
Validity
Accuracy and correctness
28
Minimal detectable change (MDC)
The ability of an instrument to detect change beyond measurement error
29
Minimal clinically important difference (MCID)
Ability of an instrument to detect minimally important change
30
Responsiveness
Ability of an instrument to detect minimal change over time
31
SpPin
A test with high specificity That is positive Helps rule a condition in
32
SnNout
A test with high sensitivity That is negative Helps rule a condition out
33
Likelihood ratios
Sensitivity information combined with specificity information
34
+LR
Sensitivity/ (1-specificity)
35
-LR
(1-sensitivity)/specificity
36
What means a large and conclusive shift in probability for +LR and -LR?
>10 for +LR <0.1 for -LR
37
Null value
Does not change the probability at all
38
What happens to a pre test probability if you have a +LR?
It shifts higher on the post test probability
39
What happens to a pre test probability if you have a -LR?
It shifts lower on the post test probability
40
How do the mean and median shift when the data is negatively skewed?
To the left
41
How do the mean and median shift when it is positively skewed?
To the right
42
What’s the empirical rule?
In a normal curve 68% will fall within 1 SD and 95% will fall within 2 SD
43
What are types of quantitative variables?
Discrete and continuous
44
Discrete variable
Variable with a finite number of values (rolling a 6 sided dice)
45
Continuous variable
Variable with an infinite number of values (temperature)
46
Quantitative variable
Measured numerically
47
Qualitative variable
Allow for classification based on some characteristic (gender)
48
Independent variable
Any variable being manipulated
49
Dependent variable
Any variable that is being measured
50
Nominal
Names (categories) Sex or gender
51
Ordinal
Names/categories but they have order to them (salary)
52
Interval
Numerical data (temperature in degrees) (can go below zero)
53
Ratio
Numerical data (distance, age, weight, time) (Cannot go below zero)
54
Point estimate
Single value that represents the best estimate of the population value
55
Confidence interval
Range of values that we are confident contains the population parameter
56
Descriptive statistics
Works with a smaller data set Process is simpler Results obtained represent entire data set Error is usually less
57
Inferential statistics
Works with large data set Process is more complex Results obtained represent a portion of population Error is usually more
58
Type 1 error
Claim there is a difference when there is not False positive Rejecting null hypothesis when you should not have
59
Type 2 error
Claim there is no difference when there is False negative Failing to reject the null when you should not have
60
What does it mean if p is less than alpha?
Reject the null hypothesis (there is a statistical significance)
61
What does it mean if p is more than alpha?
Fail to reject the null (is not statistically significant)
62
What does it mean when alpha is set at 0.05?
5% probability of a type 1 error
63
Null hypothesis
There is no change
64
Alternate hypothesis
There is a change from baseline
65
What does it mean if you have a 95% confidence interval?
5% chance the results are outside the true range
66
What does a narrower confidence interval mean?
More precise and less variation
67
What does a larger confidence interval mean?
Less precise and more variation
68
What does it mean if the confidence interval goes through 0?
It is not statistically significant
69
What does being more precise mean in confidence intervals?
Less confident
70
How does MCID relate to confidence intervals?
If the data is statistically significant than we look at the MCID and see if it met the point estimate (if not we move onto power)
71
What does it mean if the confidence interval includes the MCID?
Underpowered
72
What does it mean if the confidence interval does not include the MCID?
Adequately powered
73
What are the four pillars of power?
Alpha Effect size Variance Sample size
74
What is the equation for power?
(Sample size)(effect size)(alpha)/variance
75
What is the relationship of power to type 2 error?
You can find power by doing 1 minus the probability of a type 2 error
76
What is A Priori estimation?
Sample size estimation (make power 80% and solve for sample size)
77
Post hoc power analysis
Only done if not statistically significant Solve for power to see if you hit 80%
78
What are the basic assumptions we need to meet in order to run parametric statistical analyses?
Samples are random Normal distributions Homogeneity of variance within groups Continuous data (ratio or interval)
79
When would you use a two tailed hypothesis testing?
Non directional hypothesis (your alpha at .05 means you divide 5% on either side of bell curve) (Are the results different in any way)
80
When would you use a one tail hypothesis testing?
Directional hypothesis (greater than or less than 5% all on one side) (More statistical power) (Are the results just greater or just less)
81
What is an independent (unpaired) t test used to do?
Compare two independent groups via pre and post testing
82
What is a dependent (paired) t test used to do?
Compare one group (measured twice)
83
What do both independent and dependent t test use to determine statistical significance?
Alpha and p value
84
Example of an independent t test?
One group gets hand splint One group gets regular activity
85
Example of a dependent t test
Same group tested twice once with pillow support once without
86
Repeated measure factors
Within subjects (dependent)
87
Non repeated factors
Between subjects (independent)
88
Is a two tail or one tail more frequently used?
Two tail

EBP 2 (3 decks)

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