exam 1

Question 1

theories and approaches for ethical decision making

Answer 1

narrative approach, relationship based approach, principle based approach
virtue theory, deontologic theory, teleologic theory, utilitarianism

Question 2

ethics commiittees

Answer 2

serves to help clarify the moral values, duties, and other aspects of morality in specific, difficult situations
–> by analyzing the situation and the ethical issues and consequences involved
–> seeking resolution and coming to consensus
–> acting

Question 3

caring response

Answer 3

has to do with the relationship between health professionals and patients
–> instead of simply treating them we need to humanize them (think of them in a caring way)

Question 4

how to establish a caring response

Answer 4

see them as more than a patient –>humanizing them
–>learning more about their illness and the conditions surrounding it
–>accept differences in views (racial, religious, ethnic, etc.)
–>have an unconditional positive attitude
–> establish a connection with them

Question 5

clinical reasoning

Answer 5

thought process that health professionals use during interactions with patients
–> guides actions in context of professional ethic and community expectations

Question 6

scientific reasoning

Answer 6

framework for understanding the impact of illness or disease on the patient using scientific methods
–> focus is on the diagnosis and procedures

Question 7

ethical reasoning

Answer 7

mode of reasoning used to recognize, analyze, clarify ethical problems that arise
–> helps clinicians make decisions regarding the right thing to do

Question 8

autonomy

Answer 8

the capacity to have the say-so about your own well being
–> i have the opportunity to exercise my self-determination

Question 9

paternalism

Answer 9

conflict with the health professional judgment of what is best for the patient on the basis of the professional values (does not have to coincide with patient values)
–> patient choice vs. professional judgment
–> I am in a position to decide for someone else

Question 10

fidelity

Answer 10

faithfulness to patient
–> reaching their expectations
–> I have made a promise to someone else

Question 11

veracity

Answer 11

honesty (telling the truth)
–> i am in a position to tell the truth or deceive someone

Question 12

justice

Answer 12

a patient may not have received the treatment they deserved; everyone should receive that same level of treatment
–> I am in a position to distribute benefits and burdens among people who have claims on benefits

Question 13

beneficence

Answer 13

bringing about good
–> i am in a position to benefit someone else

Question 14

nonmaleficence

Answer 14

refraining from potentially harming myself or another
–> i am in a position to harm someone else

Question 15

maleficence

Answer 15

committing a harmful or evil act

Question 16

absolute duties

Answer 16

binding under all circumstances; happen no matter what

Question 17

prima facie duties

Answer 17

allow you to make choices among conflicting principles

Question 18

conditional duties

Answer 18

commitment that comes into being only after certain conditions are met

Question 19

hippocratic oath

Answer 19

recited during ceremonies; reflects a commitment to practice in a way that prioritizes the well being of humans

Question 20

moral agency

Answer 20

act on behalf of the client for the morally right course of action

Question 21

shared agency

Answer 21

care is given by interprofessional teams; requires high levels of engagement from all team members because there is not just one moral agent
–> all members should be heard

Question 22

type A barriers

Answer 22

barrier to adequate care of individual patients based on delivery and financing of healthcare
–>reimbursement constrains, maintaining confidentiality, withholding care, limiting autonomy, balancing institutional needs versus what the client needs

Question 23

type b barriers

Answer 23

the situation is new and complex; you can only acknowledge that something is wrong, but do not know how to act

Question 24

moral repugnance

Answer 24

limited but important protection in the sense that while you may not agree with certain treatments for a patient, you still have to provide them for your patient (ex. abortion)

Question 25

moral distress

Answer 25

focuses on the agents themselves when a situation blocks them from doing what is right
–> experience discomfort because you cannot do what you professionally conclude is right

Question 26

narrative approach

Answer 26

applies to the story’s characters and plot. based on observations in the sense that stories help us make sense of experiences
–> consider stories/ details and narrow down the issue

Question 27

principle based approach

Answer 27

use guidelines to know whether the action is morally right to achieve the right outcome (nonmaleficence, beneficence, fidelity, autonomy, etc.)

Question 28

relationship based approach

Answer 28

ethical issues or problems are embedded in relationships, just just in the individuals situation
–> taking into account the patients support network into regard when making decisions

Question 29

virtue theory

Answer 29

the professional caregiver will have the moral fiber necessary to carry out the duties outlined in the Hippocratic oath

Question 30

deontological theory

Answer 30

the means are more important that the ends
–> you are acting rightly when you are acting according to the rules

Question 31

teleological theory

Answer 31

focus on ends brought about and the consequences of actions

Question 32

utilitarianism

Answer 32

an act is right if it helps bring about the best balance of benefits over burden
–> as moral agent, find the outcome that provides most good and least harm overall

Question 33

6 step process for ethical decision making

Answer 33

1. get the story straight
2. identify the problem
3. use action theories
4. explore feasible alternatives
5. complete action
6. evaluate process and outcome