Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the backbone of nursing?
Health + Health promotion
How are we doing as a country as far as health promotion goes?
Good workout culture: exercise is more important now
screenings + reminders to be proactive with health
better vaccines
seatbelt wearing + Better DUI reminders
Smoking is less common (cant smoke just anywhere)
Bad:
decrease in diet + quality foods (childhood obesity)
sedentary lifestyles
increase in domestic, gun violence
increase in teen pregnancy: infant mortality; STD
Cause of death: early mid 1900s
infectious disease; young adults + children
Health was the absence of disease
people did not live long enough to die from other disease
Cause of death: Today
large change to healthcare delivery system
person centered care = teaching pts about lifestyle
heart disease, chronic conditions, diabetes, cancer
50% of early death = lifestyle
chronic = older
accidents = younger
What is the nursing role?
health promotion and disease and more important than ever
What are the nursing roles?
Interprofessional practice = nurse play a variety of roles
Educator: risk, managing
Advocacy: helps individuals obtain what they are entitled to receive from health care system, tries to make the system more responsive to individual and community needs, helps persons develop the skills to advocate for themselves (voice for someone else)
Care Manager: act to prevent duplication of services and cost; navigating health care
consultant: sharing specialized knowledge/ expertise to promote health and prevent disease to individuals/ groups
delivererer of services: health education, influenza vaccine, counseling in health promotion, screenings (BP + cholesterol)
Healer: integrate + balance parts of lives
Researcher: interpret research finding (evidence- based findings)
What are the 4 concepts of health?
Clinical
Role Performance
Adaptive
Eudaimonistic
What is the clinical concept of health?
health is the absence of disease: signs + symptoms
Illness = presence of signs + symptoms of disease
do not use preventative health services/ wait until they are very ill
conventional model of discipline of medicine
What is the role performance concept of health?
if you can perform your role in society you are “healthy”
role performance = work, family, social role
illness= failure to perform roles of other in society
basis = occupational, school, physical, physician- excused
“sick role” = vital component of role performance model
What is the adaptive concept of health?
“health” is the ability to adjust positively to social, mental, and physiological changes
illness= person fails to adapt/ maladaptive changes
What is the Eudaimonistic concept of health?
“health = wellbeing” interaction between physical, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects of life + enviroment
illness= denervation/ langusihing; lack of involvement
people dying of cancer = healthy of they find meaning
“holisitic health”
acupunture, chiropractor
What is the definitions of health?
health is now defined as a state of physical, mental, spiritual and social functioning that realizes a person potential and is experienced in a developmental context
WHO: health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
What is the primary level of prevention?
things that are done before a disease sets in, serves to prevent disease. Interventions that prevent and defend the body; decreases chance of getting disease
health education
immunizations
specific nutrients
protection from carcinogen
thing that build up defenses, make pts stronger
What is secondary level of prevention:
goal is to find a disease early; interventions that serve to identify and detect disease at an early state; involves cure therapy
to find out; (something is starting)
screenings; breast exams
What tertiary level of prevention:
restore and rehabilitate when disability is permanent; maximize what is left
optimize functioning
if patient has chronic disease
What is the primordial stage of prevention?
using policy to prevent actual risk factors themselves
actions taken to modify the social and enviromental conditions which foster the risk factor
primary + policy
time frame before risk factor develops and before disease occurs
healthy eating school-based programs, reduction of sodium in food supply, creating bike + walking path
begins in early childhood/ prenatally
What is healthy people 2030?
follows healthy people; call to action by US dept of health
set national goals aimed at improving health of country, focus on health promotion activites
health care not illness care
consist of several focus areas, objectives are very specific + measureable
Overarching goals for healthy people 2030:
attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death
eliminate health disparites, achieve healthy equity, and attain health literacy
create social, physical, and economic enviroments that promote attaining the full potential for health and well-being for all
promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages
engage leadership, key consituents, public across multiple sectors to take action, and design policies that improve health and well- being
disease:
something that cause Dis Ease, an imbalance of sort, affecting the mind or body in some negative way: failure of person adaptive mechanism
Illness:
when a person has some type of disease and know it and is affected negatively by it; subjective experience associated with disease
What level of prevention is health screenings:
secondary; to find out
screening test:
to prevent or delay disease in early stages (before symptoms being) deter progression
Validity:
how well the test distinguishes between disease and non-diseased states…. ideal test is 100% valid
sensitivity:
proportion of people with a conditions who correctly test positive
if test has poor senstivity, more false negatives
Specificity:
proportion of people without a condition who correctly test negative
if the test has poor specificity there will be a lot of false positives
Reliability:
an assessment of reproductivity of test results when different test at different times + conditions
” how likely will the results will stay the same”
What to consider when selecting of a screenable population:
Age: risk changes with age
Gender: risk different for males + females
men= prostate + women= mammogram
Ethnic Group: hypertension for African American men
hispanic = diabetes
Education/Income level:
disadvantaged need more screenings
Also consider: how common is the condition
Epidemiology:
the study of the distrubution (frequency, rate, incidence, prevalence- the where, who, the when) and detrminants (cause + WHY)
Incidence:
number of new cases
Prevalence:
number of existing cases
Morbidity:
disease + disability rates
Mortality:
death rates
Who recommends screening criteria?
Organizations put guidelines out
American Cancer Society
CDC
American Heart Organization
What is the gold standard?
U.S preventable services task force…. recommendations based on available evidence
a, b, c, D, I
Breast cancer screening:
most common cancer among American women
Risk:
strong family history
early 1st menstrual cycle; late menipause
first baby after 30
American Cancer society (ACA) recomendations:
Average risk: yearly mammogram by age 45 but if higher risk talk to doctor
Age 55 + every 2 years but talk to doctor if high risk
USPSTF:
40-49 individual decision with PCP
50-74: every 2 years
over 75: no recommendation
Mammogram: secondary prevention
