Exam 1

Question 1

psychopharmacology

Answer 1

study of the effects of substances of affect, cognition, and behavior

Question 2

substance

Answer 2

medication to treat a disease

chemical likely to be abused

exogenous chemical that significantly alters the function of certain bodily cells when taken in relatively low doses (chemical not required for normal cellular functioning)

ligands that act on receptors to exert their effects

Question 3

neuropharmacology

Answer 3

study of substance-induced brain changes at the physiological, receptor, biochemical, and molecular levels

Question 4

pharmacokinetics (+ acronym)

Answer 4

body’s effect on the actions of substance

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 5

pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

substance’s effect on bodies

Question 6

physiological factors affecting substance action

Answer 6

dose and chemical structure of substance

bioavailability (amount of the substance in the blood that is free to bind at a target site)

Question 7

absorption

Answer 7

compound’s ability to pass through barriers

Question 8

distribution

Answer 8

how the compound is distributed around the body and its propensity to accumulate in certain tissues or organs

Question 9

metabolism/biotransformation

Answer 9

how the body breaks down the compounds

Question 10

excretion

Answer 10

rate and process through which the compound exits the body

Question 11

effect of route of administration

Answer 11

blood level of same amount of substance varies with route of administration

Question 12

factors affecting absorption

Answer 12

membrane structure

lipid-soluble substances

ionized substances

pH

pKa

Question 13

how does membrane structure affect absorption

Answer 13

physical characteristics of cell membrane play huge role in substance action

phospholipids arranged in bilayer (polar heads towards water, nonpolar tails away from water)
**polar = hydrophilic

Question 14

how do lipid soluble substances affect absorption?

Answer 14

can pass through membrane via passive diffusion, dependent on their concentration gradient

lipid soluble substances = non polar / hydrophobic ; they can pass through phospholipid bilayer

Question 15

how do ionized substances affect absorption?

Answer 15

most substances are not lipid soluble (weak acids or bases and are polar)

ionization (dissociation of a molecule into charged ions ; pH and pKa)

Question 16

how does pH affect absorption?

Answer 16

substances are differently soluble in different pH, dependent on the molecular structure of the substance

pH can damage or destroy certain substances, rendering them inactive or inert

Question 17

how does pKa affect absorption?

Answer 17

pKa (pH of the aqueous solution at which 50% of the substance would be ionized)

substances that are weak acids ionize better in alkaline solution, and substances that are weak bases ionize better in acidic solution (substances with basic pH ionize better in acidic pH)

Question 18

blood brain barrier

Answer 18

selectively permeable to ionized compounds but fully permeable to lipid-soluble compounds

Question 19

first-order kinetics

Answer 19

biotransformation occurs at exponential rate (50% of substance removed at each time interval - half life - t(1/2) )

Question 20

zero-order kinetics

Answer 20

biotransformation at constant rate

Question 21

type 1 biotransformation

Answer 21

nonsynthetic

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

Question 22

type 2 biotransformation

Answer 22

synthetic

combine substance with other molecules (glucoranide, sulfate, methyl groups)

Question 23

enzyme induction

Answer 23

increase in liver enzymes

substances used repeatedly so metabolism increases

Question 24

enzyme inhibition

Answer 24

less enzymes, less metabolism

more intense, prolonged effect

Question 25

up regulation of receptors

Answer 25

# of receptors increase due to absence of substance

Question 26

down regulation of receptors

Answer 26

# of receptors decrease due to abundance of substance

Question 27

what causes a drug action/effect?

Answer 27

agonist + receptor interaction

Question 28

dose response curves

Answer 28

compare amount of biological response for a given dosage ED(50) (dose that produces half the maximal effect) TD(50) (dose at which 50% of people suffer a toxic effect) TI (therapeutic index; TD(50)/ED(50))

Question 29

potency

Answer 29

absolute amount of substance needed to produce a specific effect

Question 30

orthosteric site

Answer 30

site where natural endogenous ligand binds site where an exogenous full agonist binds

Question 31

allosteric site

Answer 31

site that is not sufficient to activate the receptor when bound

Question 32

acute tolerance

Answer 32

rapid tolerance after one use of substance

Question 33

substance disposition tolerance / metabolic tolerance

Answer 33

repeated use of substance decreases amount of substance that reaches target tissue (enzyme induction)

Question 34

pharmacodynamic tolerance

Answer 34

changes in neuronal function compensate for continued presence of the substance (receptor regulation)

Question 35

behavioral tolerance

Answer 35

when tolerance is shown in an environment where substance is repeatedly used but not in a novel environmentq

Question 36

sensitization

Answer 36

reverse tolerance enhancement of substance effects following repeated use of same substance