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PSY 422 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of the effects of substances of affect, cognition, and behavior

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2
Q

substance

A

medication to treat a disease

chemical likely to be abused

exogenous chemical that significantly alters the function of certain bodily cells when taken in relatively low doses (chemical not required for normal cellular functioning)

ligands that act on receptors to exert their effects

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3
Q

neuropharmacology

A

study of substance-induced brain changes at the physiological, receptor, biochemical, and molecular levels

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics (+ acronym)

A

body’s effect on the actions of substance

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

substance’s effect on bodies

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6
Q

physiological factors affecting substance action

A

dose and chemical structure of substance

bioavailability (amount of the substance in the blood that is free to bind at a target site)

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7
Q

absorption

A

compound’s ability to pass through barriers

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8
Q

distribution

A

how the compound is distributed around the body and its propensity to accumulate in certain tissues or organs

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9
Q

metabolism/biotransformation

A

how the body breaks down the compounds

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10
Q

excretion

A

rate and process through which the compound exits the body

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11
Q

effect of route of administration

A

blood level of same amount of substance varies with route of administration

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12
Q

factors affecting absorption

A

membrane structure

lipid-soluble substances

ionized substances

pH

pKa

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13
Q

how does membrane structure affect absorption

A

physical characteristics of cell membrane play huge role in substance action

phospholipids arranged in bilayer (polar heads towards water, nonpolar tails away from water)
**polar = hydrophilic

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14
Q

how do lipid soluble substances affect absorption?

A

can pass through membrane via passive diffusion, dependent on their concentration gradient

lipid soluble substances = non polar / hydrophobic ; they can pass through phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

how do ionized substances affect absorption?

A

most substances are not lipid soluble (weak acids or bases and are polar)

ionization (dissociation of a molecule into charged ions ; pH and pKa)

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16
Q

how does pH affect absorption?

A

substances are differently soluble in different pH, dependent on the molecular structure of the substance

pH can damage or destroy certain substances, rendering them inactive or inert

17
Q

how does pKa affect absorption?

A

pKa (pH of the aqueous solution at which 50% of the substance would be ionized)

substances that are weak acids ionize better in alkaline solution, and substances that are weak bases ionize better in acidic solution (substances with basic pH ionize better in acidic pH)

18
Q

blood brain barrier

A

selectively permeable to ionized compounds but fully permeable to lipid-soluble compounds

19
Q

first-order kinetics

A

biotransformation occurs at exponential rate (50% of substance removed at each time interval - half life - t(1/2) )

20
Q

zero-order kinetics

A

biotransformation at constant rate

21
Q

type 1 biotransformation

A

nonsynthetic

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

22
Q

type 2 biotransformation

A

synthetic

combine substance with other molecules (glucoranide, sulfate, methyl groups)

23
Q

enzyme induction

A

increase in liver enzymes

substances used repeatedly so metabolism increases

24
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

less enzymes, less metabolism

more intense, prolonged effect

25
Q

up regulation of receptors

A

of receptors increase due to absence of substance

26
Q

down regulation of receptors

A

of receptors decrease due to abundance of substance

27
Q

what causes a drug action/effect?

A

agonist + receptor interaction

28
Q

dose response curves

A

compare amount of biological response for a given dosage

ED(50) (dose that produces half the maximal effect)

TD(50) (dose at which 50% of people suffer a toxic effect)

TI (therapeutic index; TD(50)/ED(50))

29
Q

potency

A

absolute amount of substance needed to produce a specific effect

30
Q

orthosteric site

A

site where natural endogenous ligand binds

site where an exogenous full agonist binds

31
Q

allosteric site

A

site that is not sufficient to activate the receptor when bound

32
Q

acute tolerance

A

rapid tolerance after one use of substance

33
Q

substance disposition tolerance / metabolic tolerance

A

repeated use of substance decreases amount of substance that reaches target tissue (enzyme induction)

34
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

changes in neuronal function compensate for continued presence of the substance (receptor regulation)

35
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

when tolerance is shown in an environment where substance is repeatedly used but not in a novel environmentq

36
Q

sensitization

A

reverse tolerance

enhancement of substance effects following repeated use of same substance

PSY 422 (8 decks)

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