Chapter 2 Flashcards
CNS
central nervous system
brain, spinal cord
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
PNS
peripheral nervous system
peripheral nerves and ganglia
autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system
nuclei
collections of neuronal cell bodies in CNS
grey matter
tracts
bundles of axons in CNS
usually white matter
ganglion
collections of neuronal cell bodies in PNS
nerve
bundles of axons in PNS
almost always myelinated
anatomical structures of CNS
meninges
cerebral ventricles
myelencephalon
metencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
telencephalon
cerebral cortex
white matter fiber tracts
four lobes
meninges
three tissue layers that cover the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
dura mater
meninges in CNS
outermost, thick tough tissue layer composed mostly of collagen
arachnoid
meninges in CNS
middle, membrane with web-like sublayer filled with CSF
pia mater
meninges in CNS
inner, thin membrane that sits directly on nervous tissue
cerebral ventricles
CSF filled chambers in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal
lateral ventricles
[cerebral ventricles in CNS]
one inside each hemisphere of the brain (telencephalon)
third ventricle
[cerebral ventricles in CNS]
in diencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
[cerebral ventricles in CNS]
connects third and fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle
[cerebral ventricles in CNS]
pons and medulla
central canal
[cerebral ventricles in CNS]
in spinal cord
encephalon
brain (CNS)
myelencephalon
[hindbrain; encephalon; CNS]
medulla
medulla
[myelencephalon, hind brain, CNS]
coordinates and controls vital functions (heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting (area postrema))
metencephalon
[hindbrain; encephalon; CNS]
pons, cerebellum
pons
[metencephalon; hindbrain; CNS]
axons cross to other side of brain here (ascending and descending tracts)
reticular formation (collection of ~100 nuclei involved in arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone, cardiac and respiratory reflexes)
cerebellum
[metencephalon; hindbrain; CNS]
sensorimotor center that receives visual, auditory, somatosensory, and vestibular input
integrates and coordinates sensory and motor info from cortex
allows for smoother and corrective movements
mesencephalon
[midbrain; encephalon; CNS]
tectum, tegmentum
tectum
[mesencephalon; encephalon; CNS]
superior colliculi (visual orienting)
inferior colliculi (auditory orienting)
tegmentum
[mesencephalon; encephalon; CNS]
collection of nuclei in midbrain
periaqueductal grey (PAG), substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)
diencephalon
[forebrain; encephalon; CNS]
thalamus, hypothalamus
thalamus
[diencephalon, encephalon, CNS]
set of nuclei that process and distribute sensory and motor info to and from cortex
allows cortex to direct attention to selectively important stimuli while diminishing the significance of others
hypothalamus
[diencephalon; encephalon; CNS]
made up of many small nuclei critical to survival
regulates homeostatic mechanisms of the body
affects both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS activity
telencephalon
[forebrain; encephalon; CNS]
cerebral hemispheres
neocortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
cerebral cortex
grey matter on exterior, white matter on interior
fissures, gyri, sulci
fissures
[cerebral cortex; CNS]
deep grooves in surface of brain
gyri
[cerebral cortex; CNS]
bulge of tissue on surface of brain
sulci
[cerebral cortex; CNS]
small grooves between gyri on surface of the brain
3 types of white matter fiber tracts
[CNS]
associational (connect parts within same hemisphere)
commissural (connect right and left hemispheres; ex. corpus callosum)
projectional (ascending and descending tracts from and to spinal cord)
four lobes
[CNS]
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
each with primary cortex, secondary cortex, and tertiary cortex
primary cortex
[four lobes, CNS]
conscious awareness of sensory experiences and initial cortical processing
secondary cortex
[four lobes, CNS]
used to analyze info from primary cortex and provide semantic meaning to it
stores memories
tertiary cortex
[four lobes, CNS]
provide higher-order perceptual functions and associations needed for complex action and recognition
often lie in the borders of the parietal-temporal-occipital cortices
somatic nervous system
[PNS]
relays sensory and motor information
mostly voluntary
spinal cord, cranial nerves (motor and sensory nerves)
spinal cord
[somatic; PNS]
grey matter is medial, white matter is lateral
sensory afferents (enter)
motor efferents (leave)
autonomic nervous system
[PNS]
regulates internal body processes and homeostatic mechanisms
sympathetic, parasympathethic
sympathethic
[autonomic; PNS]
activates during times of increased energy requirements
parasympathetic
[autonomic; PNS]
active most of the time, when energy reserves can be conserved and stored
glial cells
