Chapter 2

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

central nervous system

brain, spinal cord

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 2

PNS

Answer 2

peripheral nervous system

peripheral nerves and ganglia

autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system

Question 3

nuclei

Answer 3

collections of neuronal cell bodies in CNS

grey matter

Question 4

tracts

Answer 4

bundles of axons in CNS

usually white matter

Question 5

ganglion

Answer 5

collections of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

Question 6

nerve

Answer 6

bundles of axons in PNS

almost always myelinated

Question 7

anatomical structures of CNS

Answer 7

meninges
cerebral ventricles
myelencephalon
metencephalon
mesencephalon
diencephalon
telencephalon
cerebral cortex
white matter fiber tracts
four lobes

Question 8

meninges

Answer 8

three tissue layers that cover the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 9

dura mater

Answer 9

meninges in CNS

outermost, thick tough tissue layer composed mostly of collagen

Question 10

arachnoid

Answer 10

meninges in CNS

middle, membrane with web-like sublayer filled with CSF

Question 11

pia mater

Answer 11

meninges in CNS

inner, thin membrane that sits directly on nervous tissue

Question 12

cerebral ventricles

Answer 12

CSF filled chambers in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal

Question 13

lateral ventricles

Answer 13

[cerebral ventricles in CNS]

one inside each hemisphere of the brain (telencephalon)

Question 14

third ventricle

Answer 14

[cerebral ventricles in CNS]

in diencephalon

Question 15

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 15

[cerebral ventricles in CNS]

connects third and fourth ventricle

Question 16

fourth ventricle

Answer 16

[cerebral ventricles in CNS]

pons and medulla

Question 17

central canal

Answer 17

[cerebral ventricles in CNS]

in spinal cord

Question 18

encephalon

Answer 18

brain (CNS)

Question 19

myelencephalon

Answer 19

[hindbrain; encephalon; CNS]

medulla

Question 20

medulla

Answer 20

[myelencephalon, hind brain, CNS]

coordinates and controls vital functions (heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting (area postrema))

Question 21

metencephalon

Answer 21

[hindbrain; encephalon; CNS]

pons, cerebellum

Question 22

pons

Answer 22

[metencephalon; hindbrain; CNS]

axons cross to other side of brain here (ascending and descending tracts)

reticular formation (collection of ~100 nuclei involved in arousal, attention, sleep, muscle tone, cardiac and respiratory reflexes)

Question 23

cerebellum

Answer 23

[metencephalon; hindbrain; CNS]

sensorimotor center that receives visual, auditory, somatosensory, and vestibular input

integrates and coordinates sensory and motor info from cortex

allows for smoother and corrective movements

Question 24

mesencephalon

Answer 24

[midbrain; encephalon; CNS]

tectum, tegmentum

Question 25

tectum

Answer 25

[mesencephalon; encephalon; CNS] superior colliculi (visual orienting) inferior colliculi (auditory orienting)

Question 26

tegmentum

Answer 26

[mesencephalon; encephalon; CNS] collection of nuclei in midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG), substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Question 27

diencephalon

Answer 27

[forebrain; encephalon; CNS] thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 28

thalamus

Answer 28

[diencephalon, encephalon, CNS] set of nuclei that process and distribute sensory and motor info to and from cortex allows cortex to direct attention to selectively important stimuli while diminishing the significance of others

Question 29

hypothalamus

Answer 29

[diencephalon; encephalon; CNS] made up of many small nuclei critical to survival regulates homeostatic mechanisms of the body affects both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS activity

Question 30

telencephalon

Answer 30

[forebrain; encephalon; CNS] cerebral hemispheres neocortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

Question 31

cerebral cortex

Answer 31

grey matter on exterior, white matter on interior fissures, gyri, sulci

Question 32

fissures

Answer 32

[cerebral cortex; CNS] deep grooves in surface of brain

Question 33

gyri

Answer 33

[cerebral cortex; CNS] bulge of tissue on surface of brain

Question 34

sulci

Answer 34

[cerebral cortex; CNS] small grooves between gyri on surface of the brain

Question 35

3 types of white matter fiber tracts

Answer 35

[CNS] associational (connect parts within same hemisphere) commissural (connect right and left hemispheres; ex. corpus callosum) projectional (ascending and descending tracts from and to spinal cord)

Question 36

four lobes

Answer 36

[CNS] frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital each with primary cortex, secondary cortex, and tertiary cortex

Question 37

primary cortex

Answer 37

[four lobes, CNS] conscious awareness of sensory experiences and initial cortical processing

Question 38

secondary cortex

Answer 38

[four lobes, CNS] used to analyze info from primary cortex and provide semantic meaning to it stores memories

Question 39

tertiary cortex

Answer 39

[four lobes, CNS] provide higher-order perceptual functions and associations needed for complex action and recognition often lie in the borders of the parietal-temporal-occipital cortices

Question 40

somatic nervous system

Answer 40

[PNS] relays sensory and motor information mostly voluntary spinal cord, cranial nerves (motor and sensory nerves)

Question 41

spinal cord

Answer 41

[somatic; PNS] grey matter is medial, white matter is lateral sensory afferents (enter) motor efferents (leave)

Question 42

autonomic nervous system

Answer 42

[PNS] regulates internal body processes and homeostatic mechanisms sympathetic, parasympathethic

Question 43

sympathethic

Answer 43

[autonomic; PNS] activates during times of increased energy requirements

Question 44

parasympathetic

Answer 44

[autonomic; PNS] active most of the time, when energy reserves can be conserved and stored

Question 45

glial cells