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PSY 422 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of actions of substances and their effects on mood, cognition, and behavior

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2
Q

neuropharmacology

A

study of substance-induced brain changes at the physiological, receptor, biochemical, and molecular levels

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3
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how our bodies affect the actions of a substance (ADME)

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4
Q

ADME

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

how a substance affects our bodies and brains

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6
Q

How do substances cause molecular changes in a cell?

A

substances are ligands that selectively act on receptors or target sites

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7
Q

therapeutic effect

A

when substance-receptor interaction produces desired physiological/behavioral changes

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8
Q

side effects

A

other effects that accompany the desired/main effect

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9
Q

physiological factors affecting substance action

A

dose and chemical structure of substance

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10
Q

bioavailability

A

amount of the substance in the blood that is free to bind at a target site

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11
Q

inactivation

A

body changes substance to make it easier to get rid of through excretion

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12
Q

types of administration

A

oral
intravenous
instramuscular
intraperitoneal
inhalation
subcutaneous
topical
transdermal
epidural

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13
Q

effect of drug administration type

A

drug concentration varies based on administration type

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14
Q

factors affecting absorption

A

membrane structure
lipid soluble substances
ionized substances
pH
pKa
higher absorption of organs (small intestines)
size of individual
sex

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15
Q

pKa

A

pH of aqueous solution at which 50% of the substance would be ionized

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16
Q

selective barriers to substances

A

fenestrae (pores; allow substance to move from blood plasma to ECF fairly freely)

blood brain barrier (prevents certain compounds from entering the brain)

placenta (separates blood of mother from fetus)

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17
Q

acute toxicity

A

high substance level in mother is amplified in fetus

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18
Q

teratogens

A

induce developmental abnormalities

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19
Q

substance depots

A

substances can bind at inactive sites where no physiological effect is initiated

can have major impact on substance magnitude and duration

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20
Q

first-order kinetics

A

metabolism/biotransformation that occurs at an exponential rate

50% of substance removes at each time interval

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21
Q

zero-order kinetics

A

metabolism/biotransformation that occurs at a constant rate

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22
Q

half-life

A

t (1/2) ; time required to remove 50% of substance in blood

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23
Q

type I biotransformation

A

nonsynthetic

oxidation (loss of H or gain of O)

reduction (gain of H or loss of O)

hydrolysis (split H2O into H+ and OH-)

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24
Q

type II biotransformation

A

synthetic reactions

combine substance with some other molecule to inactivate or ionize it

25
Q

enzyme induction

A

increase in liver enzymes

can lead to tolerance because metabolism is sped up

26
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

inhibit enzyme activity and reduce metabolism of other substances

can cause more intense or prolonged effect

27
Q

substance competition

A

two substances compete for the same enzyme

an elevated concentration of either drug reduces the metabolic rate of the second, causing potentially toxic levels

28
Q

genetic polymorphism

A

genetic variation produces a variety of active forms proteins

can explain why some individuals need higher or lower doses than others to achieve the same effect

29
Q

how are drugs excreted?

A

mostly through the kidneys

also sweat, saliva, feces, breast milk, breath

30
Q

conditions needed for drugs to be excreted

A

water soluble and ionized

31
Q

how does pH affect excretion

A

drugs w/ opposite pH of tubular urine are more ionized and less easily reabsorbed, so they are excreted more easily

32
Q

conformational change

A

change in receptors due to ligands temporarily binding to them

initiates a cascade of biochemical events

33
Q

up regulation of receptors

A

number of receptors increasing due to absence of substance

34
Q

down regulation of receptors

A

number of receptors decrease due to abundance of substance

35
Q

why is it important to design substances that bind to one subtype of receptors?

A

fewer side effects

36
Q

what causes a drug action/effect?

A

agonist-receptor interaction

37
Q

agonist

A

ligand that activates the receptor

has affinity and efficacy

38
Q

affinity

A

ability to bind or fit into receptor

high affinity = best fit = strong drug effect

39
Q

antagonist

A

ligands that bind to receptors but do not cause effect

can have high affinity but still no efficacy

40
Q

competitive antagonist

A

ligand and antagonist compete for one receptor

41
Q

noncompetitive antagonist

A

ligand and antagonist bind to different receptors but activation is still stopped

minimal effects upstream or downstream of receptor sites

42
Q

types of receptor competition

A

physiological antagonism (two drugs cancel out each other’s effects)

additive effects (outcome is sum of two reactions)

potentiation (both drugs together has greater results than the singular effect of either)

43
Q

orthosteric site

A

where ligands bind to activate receptor

44
Q

what effect?

no ligand in orthosteric site
no ligand in allosteric site

A

no signal / closed

45
Q

what effect?

no ligand in orthosteric site
ligand in allosteric site

A

no signal / closed

46
Q

what effect?

ligand in orthosteric site
positive allosteric modulator in allosteric site

A

increased signaling / enhanced opening

47
Q

what effect?

ligand in orthosteric site
negative allosteric modulator in allosteric site

A

decreased signaling / smaller opening

48
Q

what effect?

ligand in orthosteric site
neutral allosteric modulator in allosteric site

A

unaltered signaling

49
Q

dose response curves

A

used to compare amount of biological response for a given dosage

the closer the curves are on the x-axis, the less safe it is for that effect

50
Q

ED(50)

A

dose that produces half the maximal effect (ED(100))

ED(100) can be toxic so middle effect is desired

51
Q

potency

A

absolute amount needed to produce the effect

52
Q

TD(50)

A

dose at which 50% of people suffer a toxic/undesirable effect

53
Q

formula for TI

A

therapeutic index = TD(50) / ED(50)

54
Q

tolerance

A

needing higher dose of substance after repeated use

can be due to physiological mechanisms

generally reversible depending on dose and frequency of use

rates differ depending on substance

55
Q

cross tolerance

A

tolerance to one substance builds tolerance for another

56
Q

acute tolerance

A

rapid, after one use

57
Q

metabolic tolerance

A

aka substance disposition tolerance

repeated use decreases amount of substance that reaches the target tissue

58
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

aka cellular tolerance

change in neuronal function or receptor regulation

59
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

tolerance showed in environment/behavior but not in a neuronal or cellular level

PSY 422 (8 decks)

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