Exam 1 Flashcards by madison Ketterer

What was the top leading death rate in the 1900s

Infectious disease

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What could prevent infectious disease from spreading

-proper food and water handling
-vaccines/antibiotics/proper medical techniques

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Top 5 most common infectious diseases

-respiratory disease
-HIV/AIDS
-diarrheal
-tuberculosis
-malaria

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Which infectious diseases are more common in lower or middle economies

-HIV
-tuberculosis

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What are the most common infectious diseases for higher income

-respiratory disease

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Typical gram of soil has how much bacteria

10^9
One billion

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Hyperthermic extremophiles

-hot areas

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Hypothermic extremophiles

Cold habitats

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Halophilic

Salty conditions, Great salt lake

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Beneficial Uses of microorganisms

-biotechnology
-agriculture
-mineral extraction
-wastewater treatment
-bioremediation

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Why do scientist use microorganisms in the lab

-small in size
-rapid growth
-easily manipulated

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Examples of microorganisms

-bacteria
-viruses
-Protozoa
-fungi
-algae
-helminths/parisites
-prions

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How to identify bacteria

Gram staining

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How to identify viruses

If it has DNA or RNA

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Multicellular fungi

Molds/ mushrooms

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Single celled fungi

Yeast

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What falls under the prokaryote domain

Bacteria and archaea

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What falls under the eukaryote domain

-protists
-plants
-animals
-fungi

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How is bacteria named

Genus then species

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What is the glycocalyx

It is a protein on the membrane that can create a biofilm
-can help bacteria cells attach to things around it

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What are mesosomes

The mitochondria of prokaryotes

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What is the color and meaning of a positive gram stain

It is a blue color which means thick peptioglycan layer

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What is the color and meaning of a gram negative stain

It is a red color with a thin layer of peptoglycan

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Where is bacteria not found

-lumen in blood
-volcanoes

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Does arches have a layer of peptoglycan

No layer of peptoglycan

Extremophiles fall into what kingdom

Archea

What are the two types of protists

Algae and Protozoa

Description of algae

-unicellular -cellulose in cell wall -photosynthetic

Description of Protozoa

-flagellum -some are photosynthetic -some are free living -some are pathogenic

Unicellular and multicellular fungi

Uni- yeast Multi- molds and mushrooms

Viruses

-no living -dna and rna -insert outside host organism

Prions

-infectious misfolded protein

Helminths

-not a real microbe because it is eggs/larvae -causes disease

What is the theory of endosymbiosis

-how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

What are oxygenic phototrophs

Cyanobacteria

What are the oldest known fossils

Stromatolites

What makes algal blooms toxic

-Cyanobacteria

Carole’s Linnaeus

-divides it into 3 kingdoms -animal plant and mineral

Ernst Haeckel

- proposed the third kingdom of protista that was then later renamed to monera

Robert Whittaker

-added the kingdom of fungi

Carl Wose and George fox

-genetic based tree of life - determining relationships by DNA or RNA

Hippocrates

Father of western medicine

Thucydides

-father of scientific history -evidence based analysis

Marcus Varro

-“things we cannot see cause disease”

Leeuwehnhoek

-first to develop a microscope -first person to see a cell

Pasteur

-pasteurization -fermentation -rabies vaccine

Koch

-single microbe causes disease -Koch postulates

Algae vs. Cyanobacteria

Algae -eukaryotic and has chloroplasts Cyanobacteria -prokaryotic, no chloroplast, gram negative stain

MALDI-TOF

- mass of spectra to a mass of a sample

Are algae more closely related to eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

PCR

-Polyemerse chain reaction -Replicates DNA very fast from a small sample

Gel Electrophoresis

-DNA fragment separation based on size

Pulse-field gel electrophoresis

-separation based on large DNA fragments using an electric field that changes direction

Whole Genome Sequencing

Another way of molecular detection

Light microscopy

Light field- bright background, stains added to increase contrast Dark fields- dark background that have high contrast without stain

Phase contrast

-alters wavelength of light to create an image

Scanning microscopy

-surface of a microbe

Transmission (TEM)

-visuals of internal structures and membranes

What are the monomers of carbs

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

What are two monosaccharides combined

-disacharides (Lactose, maltose, sucrose)

2 carbs found in cell walls

-Cellulose -chitin (fungal cell wall/exoskeleton)

Carb for plant energy storage

-starch

Carb for animal storage

-glycogen

What are types of lipids

-triglycerides which are fats/oils -phospholipids -steroids and sterols -waxes

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

-hydrophobic

Uses of lipids

-long term energy storage -insulation -hormones

Phospholipid bilayer

-Membrane with hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails

Ball of phospholipids with a hydrophilic center

-liposome

Phospholipids ball with nonpolar middle (hydrophobic)

-Micelle

Tryglicerides are known for what

-energy storage

Phospholipids are known for what

-Cell membrane component

Steroids and sterols are known for what

-cell membrane components -like cholesterol

Waxes are known for

-waterproofing -resistance to immune cells -ex:mycobacteria

Saturated fats

-straight chains to form a solid fat

Unsaturated fat

-bent chained that produce oils

What is the predominant macromolecule in cells

Protein

What is the monomer of protein and what bonds does it have

-Amino acids -peptide bonds

Primary structure

-sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

-A helix -B pleated sheets -folding of chain into sheets

Tertiary structure

-3d folding -side chain interactions

Quaternary structure

-more than one amino acid chain -has active sites

What is the only macromolecule that does not have a polymer

Lipids

What are most lipids made of

-glycerol and fatty acids

What is the most complex macromolecule

Lipids

What does amphipathic mean

-both polar and nonpolar parts in the molecule

Monomers of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Exam 1 Flashcards

(86 cards)