Exam 1 Flashcards

(86 cards)

1
Q

What was the top leading death rate in the 1900s

A

Infectious disease

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2
Q

What could prevent infectious disease from spreading

A

-proper food and water handling
-vaccines/antibiotics/proper medical techniques

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3
Q

Top 5 most common infectious diseases

A

-respiratory disease
-HIV/AIDS
-diarrheal
-tuberculosis
-malaria

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4
Q

Which infectious diseases are more common in lower or middle economies

A

-HIV
-tuberculosis

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5
Q

What are the most common infectious diseases for higher income

A

-respiratory disease

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6
Q

Typical gram of soil has how much bacteria

A

10^9
One billion

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7
Q

Hyperthermic extremophiles

A

-hot areas

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8
Q

Hypothermic extremophiles

A

Cold habitats

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9
Q

Halophilic

A

Salty conditions, Great salt lake

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10
Q

Beneficial Uses of microorganisms

A

-biotechnology
-agriculture
-mineral extraction
-wastewater treatment
-bioremediation

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11
Q

Why do scientist use microorganisms in the lab

A

-small in size
-rapid growth
-easily manipulated

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12
Q

Examples of microorganisms

A

-bacteria
-viruses
-Protozoa
-fungi
-algae
-helminths/parisites
-prions

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13
Q

How to identify bacteria

A

Gram staining

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14
Q

How to identify viruses

A

If it has DNA or RNA

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15
Q

Multicellular fungi

A

Molds/ mushrooms

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16
Q

Single celled fungi

A

Yeast

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17
Q

What falls under the prokaryote domain

A

Bacteria and archaea

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18
Q

What falls under the eukaryote domain

A

-protists
-plants
-animals
-fungi

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19
Q

How is bacteria named

A

Genus then species

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20
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

It is a protein on the membrane that can create a biofilm
-can help bacteria cells attach to things around it

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21
Q

What are mesosomes

A

The mitochondria of prokaryotes

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22
Q

What is the color and meaning of a positive gram stain

A

It is a blue color which means thick peptioglycan layer

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23
Q

What is the color and meaning of a gram negative stain

A

It is a red color with a thin layer of peptoglycan

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24
Q

Where is bacteria not found

A

-lumen in blood
-volcanoes

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25
Does arches have a layer of peptoglycan
No layer of peptoglycan
26
Extremophiles fall into what kingdom
Archea
27
What are the two types of protists
Algae and Protozoa
28
Description of algae
-unicellular -cellulose in cell wall -photosynthetic
29
Description of Protozoa
-flagellum -some are photosynthetic -some are free living -some are pathogenic
30
Unicellular and multicellular fungi
Uni- yeast Multi- molds and mushrooms
31
Viruses
-no living -dna and rna -insert outside host organism
32
Prions
-infectious misfolded protein
33
Helminths
-not a real microbe because it is eggs/larvae -causes disease
34
What is the theory of endosymbiosis
-how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
35
What are oxygenic phototrophs
Cyanobacteria
36
What are the oldest known fossils
Stromatolites
37
What makes algal blooms toxic
-Cyanobacteria
38
Carole’s Linnaeus
-divides it into 3 kingdoms -animal plant and mineral
39
Ernst Haeckel
- proposed the third kingdom of protista that was then later renamed to monera
40
Robert Whittaker
-added the kingdom of fungi
41
Carl Wose and George fox
-genetic based tree of life - determining relationships by DNA or RNA
42
Hippocrates
Father of western medicine
43
Thucydides
-father of scientific history -evidence based analysis
44
Marcus Varro
-“things we cannot see cause disease”
45
Leeuwehnhoek
-first to develop a microscope -first person to see a cell
46
Pasteur
-pasteurization -fermentation -rabies vaccine
47
Koch
-single microbe causes disease -Koch postulates
48
Algae vs. Cyanobacteria
Algae -eukaryotic and has chloroplasts Cyanobacteria -prokaryotic, no chloroplast, gram negative stain
49
MALDI-TOF
- mass of spectra to a mass of a sample
50
Are algae more closely related to eukaryotes or prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
51
PCR
-Polyemerse chain reaction -Replicates DNA very fast from a small sample
52
Gel Electrophoresis
-DNA fragment separation based on size
53
Pulse-field gel electrophoresis
-separation based on large DNA fragments using an electric field that changes direction
54
Whole Genome Sequencing
Another way of molecular detection
55
Light microscopy
Light field- bright background, stains added to increase contrast Dark fields- dark background that have high contrast without stain
56
Phase contrast
-alters wavelength of light to create an image
57
Scanning microscopy
-surface of a microbe
58
Transmission (TEM)
-visuals of internal structures and membranes
59
What are the monomers of carbs
Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
60
What are two monosaccharides combined
-disacharides (Lactose, maltose, sucrose)
61
2 carbs found in cell walls
-Cellulose -chitin (fungal cell wall/exoskeleton)
62
Carb for plant energy storage
-starch
63
Carb for animal storage
-glycogen
64
What are types of lipids
-triglycerides which are fats/oils -phospholipids -steroids and sterols -waxes
65
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
-hydrophobic
66
Uses of lipids
-long term energy storage -insulation -hormones
67
Phospholipid bilayer
-Membrane with hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tails
68
Ball of phospholipids with a hydrophilic center
-liposome
69
Phospholipids ball with nonpolar middle (hydrophobic)
-Micelle
70
Tryglicerides are known for what
-energy storage
71
Phospholipids are known for what
-Cell membrane component
72
Steroids and sterols are known for what
-cell membrane components -like cholesterol
73
Waxes are known for
-waterproofing -resistance to immune cells -ex:mycobacteria
74
Saturated fats
-straight chains to form a solid fat
75
Unsaturated fat
-bent chained that produce oils
76
What is the predominant macromolecule in cells
Protein
77
What is the monomer of protein and what bonds does it have
-Amino acids -peptide bonds
78
Primary structure
-sequence of amino acids
79
Secondary structure
-A helix -B pleated sheets -folding of chain into sheets
80
Tertiary structure
-3d folding -side chain interactions
81
Quaternary structure
-more than one amino acid chain -has active sites
82
What is the only macromolecule that does not have a polymer
Lipids
83
What are most lipids made of
-glycerol and fatty acids
84
What is the most complex macromolecule
Lipids
85
What does amphipathic mean
-both polar and nonpolar parts in the molecule
86
Monomers of nucleic acids
Nucleotides