Exam 1 Flashcards
A connection between the representations of two events (two stimuli or a stimulus and a response) such that the occurrence of one of the events activates the representation of the other
Association
The view of behavior according to which actions can be separated into two categories: Voluntary behavior controlled by the mind and involuntary behavior controlled by reflex mechanism
Dualism
A philosophy according to which all ideas in the minds arise from experience
Empiricism
A temporary decrease in behavior caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behavior
Fatigue
The philosophy proposed by Hobbes according to which the actions of organisms are determined by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain
Hedonism
An endurance change in the mechanism involving specific stimuli and/or responses the results from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses
Learning
A change in behavior caused by physical or physiological development of the organism in the absence of experience with particular environmental events
Maturation
A philosophy according to which human beings are born with innate ideas
Nativism
The philosophical position adopted by Pavlov that all behavioral and physiological processes are regulated by the nervous system
Nervism
A three-letter combination (two consonants separated by a vowel) that has no meaning
Nonsense syllable
An organism’s activities at a particular time
Performance
A mechanism that enables a specific environmental event to elicit a specific response
Reflex
Same as primary processes in the opponent process theory of motivation
“a” process
A neuron that transmits messages from sense organs to the CNS. Also called a sensory neuron
Afferent neuron
Behavior that occurs early in a natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with a releasing stimulus
Appetitive Behavior
Same as opponent process in the opponent process theory of motivation
b process
Behavior that served to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion. Consummatory responses are usually species-typical modal action patterns
Consummatory Behavior
Reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug
Drug Tolerance
A neuron that transmits impulses to muscles. Also called a motor neuron
Efferent neuron
The second component of the feeding behavior sequence following general search, in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stimulus that is in indicative of the presence of food. Focal search is a form of appetitive behavior that is more closely related to food that general search
Focal search mode
The last component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes the food. There is similar to what ethologists referred to as Consummatory behavior
Food handling and ingestion mode
The earliest component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism engages in nondirected locomotor behavior. General search is a form of appetitive behavior
General search mode
A progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
Habituation process
A neuron in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent (or sensory) to efferent (or motor) neurons
Interneuron
A response pattern exhibited by most, if not all, members of a species in much the same way. Modal action patterns are used as basic units of behavior in ethological investigations of behavior
Modal action pattern (MAP)
Same as efferent neuron
Motor neuron
A compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events. The opponent process causes physiological and behavioral changes that are opposite of those caused by the primary process. Also called the b process.
Opponent process
The first process in the opponent process theory of motivation that is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus. Also called the a process
Primary process
A close relation between an eliciting stimulus and a resulting response that mediated by a neural circuit (the reflex arc) that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with efferent neurons that trigger response output. As a consequence, the eliciting stimulus usually produces that reflex response, which rarely occurs otherwise
Reflex
Same as sign stimulus
Releasing stimulus
An increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong stimulus
Sensitization effect
A neural mechanism that increases the magnitude of responses elicited by a stimulus
Sensitization process
A temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation
Sensory adaptation
Same as afferent neuron
Sensory neuron
A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern. Also called releasing stimulus
Sign stimulus
Return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization
Spontaneous recovery
The shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response
S-R system
Neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness, or arousal of the organism
State system
A sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce an abnormally large modal action pattern
Supernormal stimulus
An electrical impulses caused by the rapid flow of charged particles (ions) across the membrane. The nerve impulses conducts an electrical signal along the action of a neuron and initiates the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse.
Action potential
A slender projection of a neuron that slows electrical impulses to be conducted from the cell body to the terminal ending
Axon
The branched projections of a neuron that receive electrochemical input from other cells (ex: sensory receptors or neurons)
Dendrites
A reduction in the electrical change across the neural membrane, typically caused by the inward flow of the ion Na+. Depolarization causes the inside of the neuron to be less negative, which can initiate an action potential.
Depolarization
A specialized cell that functions to transmit , and process, information within the nervous system by means of electrical and chemical signals
Neuron
A chemical released by a neuron at a synapse. Neurotransmitters allow communication across cells and can have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect
Neurotransmitter
A structure that allows a neuron to pass a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) to another cell
Synapse
The inside of the cell is normal how many millivolts below the outside?
-70mV
Sodium comes ___, and Potassium goes ___
In, out
Is Glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
