Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
A connection between the representations of two events (two stimuli or a stimulus and a response) such that the occurrence of one of the events activates the representation of the other
A
Association
2
Q
The view of behavior according to which actions can be separated into two categories: Voluntary behavior controlled by the mind and involuntary behavior controlled by reflex mechanism
A
Dualism
3
Q
A philosophy according to which all ideas in the minds arise from experience
A
Empiricism
4
Q
A temporary decrease in behavior caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behavior
A
Fatigue
5
Q
The philosophy proposed by Hobbes according to which the actions of organisms are determined by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain
A
Hedonism
6
Q
An endurance change in the mechanism involving specific stimuli and/or responses the results from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses
A
Learning
7
Q
A change in behavior caused by physical or physiological development of the organism in the absence of experience with particular environmental events
A
Maturation
8
Q
A philosophy according to which human beings are born with innate ideas
A
Nativism
9
Q
The philosophical position adopted by Pavlov that all behavioral and physiological processes are regulated by the nervous system
A
Nervism
10
Q
A three-letter combination (two consonants separated by a vowel) that has no meaning
A
Nonsense syllable
11
Q
An organism’s activities at a particular time
A
Performance
12
Q
A mechanism that enables a specific environmental event to elicit a specific response
A
Reflex
13
Q
Same as primary processes in the opponent process theory of motivation
A
“a” process
14
Q
A neuron that transmits messages from sense organs to the CNS. Also called a sensory neuron
A
Afferent neuron
15
Q
Behavior that occurs early in a natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with a releasing stimulus
A
Appetitive Behavior
16
Q
Same as opponent process in the opponent process theory of motivation
A
b process
17
Q
Behavior that served to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion. Consummatory responses are usually species-typical modal action patterns
A
Consummatory Behavior
18
Q
Reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug
A
Drug Tolerance
19
Q
A neuron that transmits impulses to muscles. Also called a motor neuron
A
Efferent neuron
20
Q
The second component of the feeding behavior sequence following general search, in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stimulus that is in indicative of the presence of food. Focal search is a form of appetitive behavior that is more closely related to food that general search
A
Focal search mode
21
Q
The last component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes the food. There is similar to what ethologists referred to as Consummatory behavior
A
Food handling and ingestion mode
22
Q
The earliest component of the feeding behavior sequence, in which the organism engages in nondirected locomotor behavior. General search is a form of appetitive behavior
A
General search mode
23
Q
A progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
A
Habituation process
24
Q
A neuron in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent (or sensory) to efferent (or motor) neurons
A
Interneuron
25
A response pattern exhibited by most, if not all, members of a species in much the same way. Modal action patterns are used as basic units of behavior in ethological investigations of behavior
Modal action pattern (MAP)
26
Same as efferent neuron
Motor neuron
27
A compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events. The opponent process causes physiological and behavioral changes that are opposite of those caused by the primary process. Also called the b process.
Opponent process
28
The first process in the opponent process theory of motivation that is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus. Also called the a process
Primary process
29
A close relation between an eliciting stimulus and a resulting response that mediated by a neural circuit (the reflex arc) that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with efferent neurons that trigger response output. As a consequence, the eliciting stimulus usually produces that reflex response, which rarely occurs otherwise
Reflex
30
Same as sign stimulus
Releasing stimulus
31
An increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong stimulus
Sensitization effect
32
A neural mechanism that increases the magnitude of responses elicited by a stimulus
Sensitization process
33
A temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation
Sensory adaptation
34
Same as afferent neuron
Sensory neuron
35
A specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern. Also called releasing stimulus
Sign stimulus
36
Return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization
Spontaneous recovery
37
The shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response
S-R system
38
Neural structures that determine the general level of responsiveness, or arousal of the organism
State system
39
A sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce an abnormally large modal action pattern
Supernormal stimulus
40
An electrical impulses caused by the rapid flow of charged particles (ions) across the membrane. The nerve impulses conducts an electrical signal along the action of a neuron and initiates the release of neurotransmitter at the synapse.
Action potential
41
A slender projection of a neuron that slows electrical impulses to be conducted from the cell body to the terminal ending
Axon
42
The branched projections of a neuron that receive electrochemical input from other cells (ex: sensory receptors or neurons)
Dendrites
43
A reduction in the electrical change across the neural membrane, typically caused by the inward flow of the ion Na+. Depolarization causes the inside of the neuron to be less negative, which can initiate an action potential.
Depolarization
44
A specialized cell that functions to transmit , and process, information within the nervous system by means of electrical and chemical signals
Neuron
45
A chemical released by a neuron at a synapse. Neurotransmitters allow communication across cells and can have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect
Neurotransmitter
46
A structure that allows a neuron to pass a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) to another cell
Synapse
47
The inside of the cell is normal how many millivolts below the outside?
-70mV
48
Sodium comes ___, and Potassium goes ___
In, out
49
Is Glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?
Excitatory
50
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
51
What are creatures without a spinal cord called?
Invertebrates
52
Invertebrates’ have neuron bundles called ________?
Ganglia
53
Where are ganglia found in vertebrates?
The peripheral nervous system
54
What is the specialized postsynaptic receptor that is in nearly every instance of learning we will discuss?
NMDA
55
Steps of Action potential
1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter the cell
2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell
3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters the cell
4. K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level
5. K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset
6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away
56
Why is learning important?
Learning is important to be able to adapt to our environment
57
What does memory imply?
Memory implies learning
58
What is at the heart of the nature versus nurture debate?
Learning
59
What are the advantages to using a rat in research as opposed to a human?
You can lesion the brain of a rat, and a rat brain is simpler than a human brain
60
What are the disadvantages to using a rat brain in research?
You need to be careful about pain levels, and you need to consider the psychological states of the rat
61
Definition of Learning
The acquisition of information through experience
62
Do you have to be conscious to learn?
You do not need to be conscious. Much of what you learned is an unconscious level.
For example, walking requires no extra thought once you know how to do it.
63
What are two examples of learning at an unconscious level?
Walking and the patellar knee-jerk reflex
64
Why is the patellar knee-jerk reflex considered learning?
The patellar reflex habituates to repeated stimulus, and therefore is learning
65
Learning vs. Memory.
Learning: process used to acquire information
Memory : the retention of learned information overtime
66
Is it possible to have memory without learning?
Yes. I can say “I remember being picked up by a spaceship yesterday”. This memory is not built upon learning because it did not happen/it is not tied to experience
67
Memory without learning is like a hallucination. What is an example of this?
Dreams
68
What are the common criteria for learning?
1. The behavioral modification depends on a form of plasticity.
2. The modification depends on the organisms, experiential history.
3. The modification outlast the environmental contingencies used to induce it. The experience has a lasting effect on performance.
69
What are the four forms of explanation of learning?
Efficient, formal, material, and final
70
Efficient conditions
Describes eliciting conditions.
For example, if there is a tone paired with a shock, overtime, you will expect a freeze in response to the tone called a fear response. The tone ELICITS the fear response.
71
Formal model
Provides a logical map (model)
It is used to predict when/what the animal learned
72
Material cause
Describes the underlying substrate
In many instances, many mechanisms may be engaged. Taking out one of those structures can stop learning. The formal model is used to determine, which does that.
73
Final Cause= The Why
Why does the system work this way? proximate versus ultimate cause
Ex: why did the rabbit freeze because our visual systems are designed to detect motion
74
Plato was a ___________ , while Aristotle was an ____________.
Nativist; Empiricist
75
Who would believe the following statement:
“You are born with everything you know. Experience brings out that of which you already know”
Plato
76
Who would believe the following statement:
“ everything is learned. You are born as a blank slate, and you are written on by experience.”
Aristotle
77
Descartes believed in which theory?
Dualism
78
Who would believe the following statement:
“ some of what you do is contributed to un extended substance, which is connected to the soul (free will)”
Descartes
79
We should be able to fully understand, ________ behavior from Descartes’ perspective.
Animal
80
Reflexology comes from which theory?
Dualism
81
Which group of people believes that our minds are machines and that we can derive the laws of the mind?
Materialists
82
Which materialist would believe the following statement:
“Your mind is too is attributable to material cause instead of unextended substance.”
de La Mettrie
83
What is the issue with the materialist view?
We cannot study free will, so it has been completely ignored in this theory
84
What is the simple version of Lloyd Morgan’s canon?
If given two theories that do an equally good job of explaining the behavior, favor the simpler of the two theories
85
Which concept did John Locke endorse?
Associative Learning
He was a British Empiricist
86
What was the group called that was made up of David Hartley, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill?
The Associationists
87
What two things did David Hartley believe were important?
Contiguity and Repetition
Contiguity: Events that are close together in space and time
Repetition: things get stronger with repetition
88
What did James Mill believe in?
Vividness (today called Salience)
It is easier to learn/associate “vivid” stimuli
89
What did John Stuart Mill believe in?
Mental Chemistry
Mental concepts have emergent quality like chemistry does. The way elements are confounded → emergent
Ex: taking a circle and different lines and putting them together to form a face
90
What did the empiricist Edward Titchener believe in?
Systematic Introspection
91
What is Systematic Introspection?
Exploring the process of your mind. AKA we can “see” how our thoughts form
92
Issue with Systematic Introspection
It is not publicly verifiable or consciously accessible
93
Stimulus Generalization
Animal will generate is knowledge to other general stimuli
94
Second-Order conditioning
Previous cues strengthen the association of the “food” and new cues
- bring in a new cue and pair it with old one. You will find that new cue will be associated with the food despite never pairing
95
Extinction learning:
Projecting the CS alone without the US, association weakens until they are no longer paired
96
What ideas did Edward Thorndike reject?
Anthropomorphic interpretations
97
What law is an example of Lloyd Morgan’s Canon?
The law of effect
98
What was John Watson?
He was an extreme empiricist that believed that SR’s were the building blocks of all behavior
99
Who claimed that they could take 100 kids and turn them into anything based on training them in a specific education environment?
John Watson
100
Who has a mathematical theory to make the distinction between learning and performance with emphasis on Drive?
Clark Hull
101
Edward Tolman
Rejected the SR view and saw behavior as purposeful and adaptable
102
Who believed that no response was required for learning?
Tolman- think water maze with boat and drug
103
B.F. Skinner made the distinction between what two types of learning
Respondent and Operant Behavior
104
Respondent
- Pavlovian
- reflexively elicited
- seemed related to reflexology
105
Operant Behavior
- also called Instrumental Behavior
- sets the occasion to respond
- pressing the bar is EMITTED, not ELICITED
106
What type of literature was Skinner’s view popular in?
Drug addiction literature with reinforcement of drugs
107
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)
Every time you press the bar you get food
108
Fixed interval (FI)
Reinforcer becomes available and fixed intervals causing a scalloped shape.
109
What does a fixed interval graph imply?
It’s implies that rats have a little clock in their heads, and it has been used to test timing behavior in animals
110
Fixed ratio (FR)
There is a fixed ratio between receiving food after a certain number of bar presses and breaks taken. This graph has a stairstep shape.
111
What does a fixed ratio graph imply?
It’s implies that a rat has to be able to count to complete the task. For example, it knows to press the bar five times to get food.
112
Which graph is steeper? A variable interval or variable response graph?
A variable response graph
113
What type of response is a slot machine? An example of?
Variable response
114
What is an example from class of stimulus pre-exposure effect?
The Native American faces in the scenery picture
115
The habituation display shows a cylinder behind a block. Which type of baby would expect a full cylinder as opposed to a cylinder cut in two pieces?
A baby that has gestalt continuation
116
What is social behavior influenced by?
Single stimulus learning
Ex: baby ducks imprinted on the boots and followed Lorenz around as if he were their mother
117
What are the four criteria for stimulus pre-exposure effects?
1. Behavioral modification depends on a form of neural plasticity
2. The modification depends on the organisms, experiential history.
3. The modification out the environmental contingencies used to induce it. The experience has the lasting effect on performance.
4. Exposure to a stimulus alters the response, elicited by the target event, causing a decrement (Habituation) or an enhancement (Sensitization) and it’s behavioral and/or psychological consequence
118
Which part of the body enhances pain and which part diminishes pain?
The brain responses enhance pain, while the spinal cord diminishes pain
119
True or false: sensory adaptation, such as ears, adapting to loud sound, is an example of learning
False!
120
What two things must be ruled out and stimulus pre-exposure effects?
Sensory adaptation and motor fatigue
121
What type of conditioning is affected by stimulus pre-exposure?
Pavlovian
122
What is another word for CS habituation?
Latent inhibition
123
What is neo phobia?
The phobia of new foods
124
Why must you overcome Neo phobia before using food as a reinforcing tool?
Animals typically won’t eat a new food to protect itself. It will lick it, leave it, realize it didn’t die, and then go in and try some more. Once the animal is comfortable, eating the food, it can be used as a reinforcing, tool in experiments.
125
Groves and Thompson’s dual process theory says that habituation is involved in _________ pathway, and extrinsic sensitization is part of the _______ ___________.
SR pathway; state system
126
An increase in the state system _________ the response in the Dual process theory.
Amplifies
127
What is the difference between spontaneous recovery and dishabituation?
In spontaneous recovery, there is a break, and in dishabituation, there is no break before the external stimulus is introduced
