Exam 1 Flashcards
1
orbital
2
nasal
3
oral
4
cervical (neck)
5
sternal
6
axillary
7
mammary
8
umbilical
9
pelvic
10
inguinal (groin)
11
pubic (genital)
12
patellar
13
crural (leg)
14
acromial
15
brachial (arm)
16
antecubital
17
antebrachial (forearm)
18
carpal (wrist)
19
digital
20
coxal (hip)
21
metatarsal
22
digital
23
hallux
24
otic
25
occipital (back of head)
26
scapular
27
vertebral
28
olecranal
29
lumbar
30
sacral
31
gluteal
32
pollex
33
femoral (thigh)
34
popliteal
35
sural (calf)
36
fibular
37
calcaneal
38
plantar
superior
on top
inferior
lower part
medial
midline / inner side of
lateral
outer side of
proximal
closer to origin of the body
distal
farther from the origin of the body
ipsilateral
same side
contralateral
opposite side
anterior
front
posterior
back
superficial
at surface
deep
more internal
the thoracic cavity is ___________ to the abdominopelvic cavity
superior
the trachea is _____ to the vertebral column
anterior
the wrist is ______ to the hand
proximal
if an incision cuts the heart and left and right parts, a ______ plane of section was used
medial
the nose is _____ to the cheekbones
medial
the thumb is _____ to the ring finger
lateral
the vertebral cavity is _____ to the cranial cavity
inferior
the knee is _____ to the thigh
distal
the plane that separates the head from the neck is the _____ plane
transverse
the popliteal region is _____ to the patellar region
posterior
the plane that separates the anterior body surface from the posterior body surface is the _____ plane
frontal
what is this body plane?
frontal
what is this body plane
median
what is this body plane?
transverse
what muscle subdivides the ventral body cavity?
the diaphragm
what body cavity provides the least protection to its internal structure?
the abdominal cavity
the brain is in the _____ cavity
cranial
the spinal cord is in the ______ cavity
vertebral
the lungs are in the ______ cavity
thoracic
the digestive viscera is in the _____ cavity
abdominal
the urinary bladder is in the ______ cavity
pelvic
the heart is in the ______ cavity
mediastinum
the spleen is in the _______ abdominopelvic region
left upper quadrant
the urinary bladder is in the _______ abdominopelvic region
lower left quadrant
the stomach (largest portion) is in the _______ abdominopelvic region
left upper quadrant
the cecum is in the _______ abdominopelvic region
lower right quadrant
how does the serous membranes protect organs from infection?
serous cavities contain serous fluid, which prevents friction and infection between organs
which serous membrane(s) is/are found in the thoracic cavity?
the pleura and pericardium
which serous membrane(s) is/are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?
the peritoneum
_____ cavity holds the eyes in an anterior-facing position
orbital cavity
______ cavity houses three tiny bones involved in hearing
middle ear cavity
_____ cavity contained within the nose
nasal cavity
______ cavity contains the tongue
oral cavity
______ cavity surrounds a joint
synovial cavity
what body region is blood usually drawn from?
antecubital
where does fertilization normally occur?
upper lateral 3rd of the fallopian tubes
compare a morula to a blastocyst
morula:
fewer cells
earlier
cavitation
solid ball
blastocyst:
hollow ball of cells
inner cell mass
tropoblast
where does implantation take place?
uterine wall
myometrium and endometrium layers
what function does the syntial trophoblast have?
makes a pocket for the embryo and creates part of the placenta as well as allowing nutrient and gas exchange
2 layers of the initial blastodisc
epiblast
hypoblast
3 primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
4 extraembryonic membranes
amion
carion
yolk sac
antiantus?????
cell produced by early cleavage
blastomere
called the “water bag”
amnion
forms part of the urinary bladder
allantois
a solid ball of cells
morula
the cavity of a blastocyst
blastocoele
erodes the endometrium
syncytial trophoblast
has protruding villi
chorion
forms at the primitive streak
mesoderm?
produces the lining of the respiratory tract
endoderm
becomes the ectoderm
epiblast
birth
parturition
the migration of cells
gastrulation
1
yolk sac
2
blastocoele
3
amniotic cavity
4
allantois
5
head fold of embryo
6
chorion
7
syncytial trophoblast
8
chorionic villi of placenta
9
decidua parietalis
10
decidua basalis
11
umbilical cord
12
placenta
13
amniotic cavity
14
amnion
15
chorion
16
decidua capsularis
describe the process of fertilization?
The spermatozoon and ovum combine their haploid nuclei to create a diploid zygote.
Once a male ejaculates, the spermatozoa increase motility and fertilize the ovum.
A second oocyte is released from the ovary and moves along the uterine tube, and the spermatozoa passes through the corona radiata to reach the cell membrane of the oocyte. The spermatozoa release an enzyme, hyaluronidase, that allows it to enter the oocyte.
The oocyte goes through meiosis while the spermatozoon creates chromosomes to combine with the maternal chromosomes.
why are so many sperm required for a successful fertilization?
The male needs to ejaculate around 300 million spermatozoa because most of them do not survive the journey through the vagina and to the uterus, only about 100 of them do, and only a single ovum is released from an ovary during ovulation.
Therefore, more sperm needs to be released to increase the chances of fertilization since only one egg is produced.
describe the formation of the three germ layers
Within a few days of implantation, cells begin the process of gastrulation where the cells of the epiblast move to the primitive streak, where invagination occurs. Cells are sent into the region between the epiblast and the hypoblast.
The epiblast forms the ectoderm, the hypoblast forms of the endoderm, and the cells that proliferate between those 2 layers forms the mesoderm.
describe the structure of a blastocyst
A solid ball of cells, the morula, enters the uterus and changes into a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells with a cavity called the blastocoele.
There are cells outside, trophoblasts, and the cells inside form the inner cell mass.
what is the function of each of the 4 extra embryonic membranes?
The yolk sac at first has a large role in providing the embryo nourishment but this later decreases when the amnion begins to form. The amnion provides protection by lining the amniotic cavity and envelops the embryo in amniotic fluid.
The allantois forms part of the urinary bladder and contributes to the body stalk which is the protective tissue between the embryo and the chorion.
The chorion encases the embryo and extend villi and blood vessels to eventually establish the structure and development of the placenta.
how does a fetus obtain nutrients and gas from maternal blood?
A fetus obtains nutrients and gases from the maternal blood through the placenta.
The placenta is connected to the fetus via the body stalk, which combines with the yolk stalk to form the umbilical cord.
The umbilical cord has 2 arteries that transport deoxygenated blood to the placenta and a single vein that returns oxygenated blood to the embryo.
from what structures for the 4 major tissue groups arise?
The ectoderm forms the nervous system, skin, hair, and nails, which contributes to the rise of nervous tissue and epithelial tissue.
The mesoderm forms the skeletal and muscular systems, which contributes to the rise of muscular tissue and most connective tissues. The endoderm forms the linings of the respiratory and digestive systems, where epithelial tissues can also arise from.
what tissue type lines body cavities and covers the body’s external surfaces?
epithelial
what tissue type pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, and allows one to swing a bat?
muscle
what tissue type transmits electrical signals?
nervous
what tissue type anchors, packages, and supports body organs?
connective
what tissue type has cells that may absorb, secrete, and filter
epithelial
what tissue type is most involved in regulating and controlling body functions?
nervous
what tissue types major function is to contract?
muscle
what major tissue type synthesizes hormones?
epithelial
what tissue type includes nonliving extracellular matrix?
connective
what tissue type is most widespread in the body?
connective
what tissue type forms nerves and the brain?
nervous
name 5 characteristics of epithelium
- has specialized cell junctions
- has a lot of cells and less matrix
- has a basement membrane and layer of supportive connective tissue
- is polarized (apical and basal regions)
- not vascularized (no capillaries)
how are epithelial tissues classified?
arrangement of layers and cell shape
- simple
- stratified
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
- pseudo stratified
- transitional
compare a desmosome to a tight junction
desmosome
- connects cytoskeleton of 2 cells to resist tear
tight junction
- make sure no space between 2 cells somewhere between the basal and apical layers
6 functions of epithelia?
- protection
- secretion
- absorption
- filtration
- filtration
- sensory
how to identify the apical vs basal sides of epithelia?
apical
- lumen
- ciliated
basal
- basement membrane
- touches connective tissue
how does the function of stratified epithelium differ from simple epithelium?
stratified
- 2+ layers
- aids in more protection
simple
- 1 layer
- aids more in diffusion, filtration, secretion, and absorption
where is ciliated epithelium found?
lining small bronchi
uterine tubes
some region of the uterus
lining the trachea and most upper respiratory tract
what role does ciliated epithelium play?
secretion of mucus and reproductive cells
transitional epithelium is stratified squamous but slightly different. compare the structure of the 2
transitional
- surface cells are dome shaped
stratified squamous
- surface cells are flattened
how does the structure of transitional epithelium support its function in the body?
being dome shaped and not flattened allows for it to stretch more readily and permit distension
how do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?
endocrine
- lose surface connection as they develop
- secrete hormones directly into extracellular fluid
- hormones enter the blood or lymphatic vessels
exocrine
- do not lose surface connections as they develop
- secrete hormones through ducts to a body surface or cavity
- sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas
what type of epithelial tissue lines the esophagus?
stratified squamous
what type of epithelial tissue lines the stomach?
simple columnar
what type of epithelial tissue is in the alveolar sacs of the lungs?
simple squamous
what type of epithelial tissue lines the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
what type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis of the skin?
stratified squamous
what type of epithelial tissue lines the bladder and peculiar cells have the ability to slide over each other
transitional
describe transitional epithelial
- basal cells cuboidal or columnar, surface cells dome shaped (squamous like)
- stretch
- lines bladder, ureters, and urethra
describe stratified columnar epithelial
- several cell layers where basal cells are usually cuboidal
- protection and secretion
- rare in the human body
describe stratified cuboidal epithelial
- 2 layers of cube like cells
- protection
- largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
describe stratified squamous epithelial
- several cell layers
- protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
- nonkeratinized types form moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized types form epidermis of skin
describe pseudo stratified columnar epithelial
- single layer of cells differing in heights and nuclei at different levels, have cilia
- secretion primarily of mucus
- ciliated type lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract, conciliated in sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
describe simple columnar epithelial
- single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei and microvilli
- absorption, secretion
- conciliated type in digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands, conciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus
describe simple cuboidal epithelial
- single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical nuclei
- secretion and absorption
- kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
describe simple squamous epithelial
- single layer of flattened cells with a disc shaped nucleus and sparse cytoplasm
- diffusion and filtration, secretes in serosae
- kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
3 characteristics of connective tissue?
- derived from embryonic tissue
- have rich blood supply
- has a non/cellular/nonliving matrix
4 functions of connective tissue?
- form basis of skeleton
- store and carry nutrients
- surround blood vessels and nerves
- lead fight against infection
how is the structure of connective tissue related to its function?
the cell arrangement and large amount of nonliving matrix allows for the fibers to be distinguished and have strength for support
which connective issue attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones?
dense regular connective tissue
which connective tissue acts as a storage depot for fat?
adipose connective tissue
which connective tissue forms the fibrous joint capsule?
dense irregular connective tissue
which connective tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?
fibrocartilage
which connective tissue composes the basement membrane; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix
areolar connective tissue
which connective tissue forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton?
hyaline cartilage
which connective tissue provides a flexible framework for the external ear?
elastic cartilage
which connective tissue has a matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on?
osseous tissue
which connective tissue forms the walls of large arteries?
elastic connective tissue
what 2 physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons?
- receiving stimuli (excitability)
- generate electrical signals (conductivity)
how are neurons similar to other cells?
they have a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm
how are neurons different from other cells?
they are the only cells with axons, axon terminals, myelin, and dendrites
skeletal muscle has
_______ appearance
is attached to ___________
has ______ movement
has ______ cells
has _______ nuclei
striated
bones
voluntary
cylindrical
many
cardiac muscle
forms _____
has a ______ appearance
has ______ cells
has _____ nuclei
(does/does not) have intercalated discs
has ______ movement
heart wall
striated
branching
one
does
involuntary
smooth muscle
is in the wall of _____ and ______
has _____ nuclei
has ______ cells
has _____ movement
bladder and stomach
one
spindle shaped
involuntary
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
adipose
- nuclei of fat cell
- vacuole containing fat droplet
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
skeletal
- nuclei
- skeletal muscle fiber
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
smooth
- nuclei
- smooth muscle cell
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
hyaline cartilage
- matrix
- chondrocyte
- lacunae
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
cardiac
- intercalated discs
- nucleus
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
- cilia
- basement membrane
- connective tissue
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
bone (osseous)
- osteocytes in lacunae
- central canal
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
transitional epithelium
- basement membrane
- connective tissue
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
areolar
- elastic fibers
- collagen fibers
- fibroblast nuclei
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
dense regular connective
- nuclei of fibroblast
- collagen fibers
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
stratified squamous
- stratified squamous epithelial nuclei
- basement membrane
identify the tissue + the labeled portions
simple columnar
- connective tissue
- simple columnar epithelial cell
- basement membrane
4 classes of connective tissue (with subcategories)
proper
- loose
- dense
cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibro
bone
blood
2 subclasses of connective tissue proper
loose
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
dense
- irregular
- regular
- elastic
describe areolar loose connective tissue
- gel like matrix with all 3 fiber types
- wraps/cushions organs, macrophage activity, inflammation, hold/convey tissue fluid
- under epithelia, forms lamina propria of mucus membranes, package organs, surrounds capillaries
describe reticular connective tissue
loose network of reticular fibers in a gel like substance
- form soft internal skeleton (stroma)
- lymphoid organs
describe dense irregular connective tissue
irregularly arranged collagen fibers
- withstands tension, provide structural strength
- fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis, submucosa of digestive tract
describe dense regular connective tissue
primarily parallel collagen fibers
- attaches muscle to bone or to muscle and bone to bone , withstands tension when a pulling force is applied
- tendons, most ligaments
describe elastic connective tissue
dense regular containing high proportion of elastic fibers
- allows tissues to recoil after stretch, maintains flow of blood through arteries, aids recoil of lungs after inspiration
- walls of arteries, ligaments in vertebral column
describe hyaline cartilage
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers for the network
- supports and reinforces, cushion, resist compressive stress
- forms most of embryonic skeleton, cover end of long bones in joint cavities, form costal cartilage of ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx
describe elastic cartilage
amorphous but firm matrix; extensive elastic fibers in matrix
- maintain shape and structure and allow flexibility
- supports external ear; epiglottis
describe fibrocartilage
matrix less firm; thick collagen fibers predominate
- tensile strength allows to absorb compressive shock
- intervertebral dice; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
3 types of membranes
cutaneous (skin)
- covers body surface
mucous (mucosae)
- lines body cavities open to exterior
serous
- line body cavities closed to exterior
implantation takes how long?
1 week
cuboidal is in _____
columnar in _____
stratified in ______
simple in _____
ducts
gut
protection
tubes (need to pass quickly)
what body system eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body?
urinary
dorsum refers to the _____
back
term for femoral region:
thigh
“away from the midline”
lateral
“on same side of the body”
ipsilateral
what body system forms the external body covering?
integumentary
cervical region is _____ to cephalic region
superior
coxal region is ______ to inguinal region
lateral
popliteal region is _____ to femoral region
distal
spinal cord is located in the _____ cavity
vertebral
liver is in the ______ quadrant
upper right
the cavity formed by extension of the epiblast layer:
amniotic sac
notochord gives rise to natural shock absorber of he axial skeleton:
portion of interverbral disc
when sperm fertilizes an oocyte a ____ forms
zygote
ribs and vertebrae a each spinal level arise from _____
sclerotome
on a lateral plate, the wedge between the mesoderm is the _____
coelom
cells of a dermatome make the:
dermis of the skin
what is formed by the mesoderm epiblast cells and endodermal cells
notochord
epithelial cells are held together by a scattered, adhesive junction called _____ which serves as “spot welds”
desmosomes
the epithelial cell type found lining most of the digestive tract:
simple columnar
the epithelial cell type that lines the interior of ducts of sweat glands
stratified cuboidal
the embryonic origin common to all connective tissue
mesenchyme
type of connective tissue cell synthesizes extracellular matrix components of loose and dense connective tissue
fibroblasts
main characteristic of dense regular connective tissue found mainly in ligaments and tendons
fibers (collagen) run parallel
well-vascularized and well-organized connective tissue that contains inorganic material
bone
connective tissue that forms embryonic Skelton, covers ends of long bones, and attaches ribs to sternum
hyaline cartilage
connective tissue that is most atypical
blood
