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Biology 367: Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

1

A

orbital

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2
Q

2

A

nasal

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3
Q

3

A

oral

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4
Q

4

A

cervical (neck)

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5
Q

5

A

sternal

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6
Q

6

A

axillary

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7
Q

7

A

mammary

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8
Q

8

A

umbilical

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9
Q

9

A

pelvic

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10
Q

10

A

inguinal (groin)

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11
Q

11

A

pubic (genital)

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12
Q

12

A

patellar

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13
Q

13

A

crural (leg)

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14
Q

14

A

acromial

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15
Q

15

A

brachial (arm)

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16
Q

16

A

antecubital

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17
Q

17

A

antebrachial (forearm)

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18
Q

18

A

carpal (wrist)

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19
Q

19

A

digital

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20
Q

20

A

coxal (hip)

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21
Q

21

A

metatarsal

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22
Q

22

A

digital

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23
Q

23

A

hallux

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24
Q

24

A

otic

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25
Q

25

A

occipital (back of head)

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26
Q

26

A

scapular

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27
Q

27

A

vertebral

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28
Q

28

A

olecranal

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29
Q

29

A

lumbar

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30
Q

30

A

sacral

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31
Q

31

A

gluteal

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32
Q

32

A

pollex

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33
Q

33

A

femoral (thigh)

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34
Q

34

A

popliteal

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35
Q

35

A

sural (calf)

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36
Q

36

A

fibular

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37
Q

37

A

calcaneal

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38
Q

38

A

plantar

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39
Q

superior

A

on top

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40
Q

inferior

A

lower part

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41
Q

medial

A

midline / inner side of

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42
Q

lateral

A

outer side of

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43
Q

proximal

A

closer to origin of the body

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44
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of the body

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45
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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46
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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47
Q

anterior

A

front

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48
Q

posterior

A

back

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49
Q

superficial

A

at surface

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50
Q

deep

A

more internal

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51
Q

the thoracic cavity is ___________ to the abdominopelvic cavity

A

superior

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52
Q

the trachea is _____ to the vertebral column

A

anterior

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53
Q

the wrist is ______ to the hand

A

proximal

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54
Q

if an incision cuts the heart and left and right parts, a ______ plane of section was used

A

medial

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55
Q

the nose is _____ to the cheekbones

A

medial

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56
Q

the thumb is _____ to the ring finger

A

lateral

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57
Q

the vertebral cavity is _____ to the cranial cavity

A

inferior

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58
Q

the knee is _____ to the thigh

A

distal

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59
Q

the plane that separates the head from the neck is the _____ plane

A

transverse

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60
Q

the popliteal region is _____ to the patellar region

A

posterior

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61
Q

the plane that separates the anterior body surface from the posterior body surface is the _____ plane

A

frontal

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62
Q

what is this body plane?

A

frontal

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63
Q

what is this body plane

A

median

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64
Q

what is this body plane?

A

transverse

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65
Q

what muscle subdivides the ventral body cavity?

A

the diaphragm

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66
Q

what body cavity provides the least protection to its internal structure?

A

the abdominal cavity

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67
Q

the brain is in the _____ cavity

A

cranial

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68
Q

the spinal cord is in the ______ cavity

A

vertebral

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69
Q

the lungs are in the ______ cavity

A

thoracic

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70
Q

the digestive viscera is in the _____ cavity

A

abdominal

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71
Q

the urinary bladder is in the ______ cavity

A

pelvic

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72
Q

the heart is in the ______ cavity

A

mediastinum

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73
Q

the spleen is in the _______ abdominopelvic region

A

left upper quadrant

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74
Q

the urinary bladder is in the _______ abdominopelvic region

A

lower left quadrant

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75
Q

the stomach (largest portion) is in the _______ abdominopelvic region

A

left upper quadrant

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76
Q

the cecum is in the _______ abdominopelvic region

A

lower right quadrant

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77
Q

how does the serous membranes protect organs from infection?

A

serous cavities contain serous fluid, which prevents friction and infection between organs

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78
Q

which serous membrane(s) is/are found in the thoracic cavity?

A

the pleura and pericardium

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79
Q

which serous membrane(s) is/are found in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

the peritoneum

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80
Q

_____ cavity holds the eyes in an anterior-facing position

A

orbital cavity

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81
Q

______ cavity houses three tiny bones involved in hearing

A

middle ear cavity

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82
Q

_____ cavity contained within the nose

A

nasal cavity

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83
Q

______ cavity contains the tongue

A

oral cavity

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84
Q

______ cavity surrounds a joint

A

synovial cavity

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85
Q

what body region is blood usually drawn from?

A

antecubital

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86
Q

where does fertilization normally occur?

A

upper lateral 3rd of the fallopian tubes

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87
Q

compare a morula to a blastocyst

A

morula:
fewer cells
earlier
cavitation
solid ball

blastocyst:
hollow ball of cells
inner cell mass
tropoblast

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88
Q

where does implantation take place?

A

uterine wall
myometrium and endometrium layers

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89
Q

what function does the syntial trophoblast have?

A

makes a pocket for the embryo and creates part of the placenta as well as allowing nutrient and gas exchange

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90
Q

2 layers of the initial blastodisc

A

epiblast
hypoblast

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91
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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92
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes

A

amion
carion
yolk sac
antiantus?????

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93
Q

cell produced by early cleavage

A

blastomere

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94
Q

called the “water bag”

A

amnion

95
Q

forms part of the urinary bladder

A

allantois

96
Q

a solid ball of cells

A

morula

97
Q

the cavity of a blastocyst

A

blastocoele

98
Q

erodes the endometrium

A

syncytial trophoblast

99
Q

has protruding villi

A

chorion

100
Q

forms at the primitive streak

A

mesoderm?

101
Q

produces the lining of the respiratory tract

A

endoderm

102
Q

becomes the ectoderm

A

epiblast

103
Q

birth

A

parturition

104
Q

the migration of cells

A

gastrulation

105
Q

1

A

yolk sac

106
Q

2

A

blastocoele

107
Q

3

A

amniotic cavity

108
Q

4

A

allantois

109
Q

5

A

head fold of embryo

110
Q

6

A

chorion

111
Q

7

A

syncytial trophoblast

112
Q

8

A

chorionic villi of placenta

113
Q

9

A

decidua parietalis

114
Q

10

A

decidua basalis

115
Q

11

A

umbilical cord

116
Q

12

A

placenta

117
Q

13

A

amniotic cavity

118
Q

14

A

amnion

119
Q

15

A

chorion

120
Q

16

A

decidua capsularis

121
Q

describe the process of fertilization?

A

The spermatozoon and ovum combine their haploid nuclei to create a diploid zygote.
Once a male ejaculates, the spermatozoa increase motility and fertilize the ovum.
A second oocyte is released from the ovary and moves along the uterine tube, and the spermatozoa passes through the corona radiata to reach the cell membrane of the oocyte. The spermatozoa release an enzyme, hyaluronidase, that allows it to enter the oocyte.
The oocyte goes through meiosis while the spermatozoon creates chromosomes to combine with the maternal chromosomes.

122
Q

why are so many sperm required for a successful fertilization?

A

The male needs to ejaculate around 300 million spermatozoa because most of them do not survive the journey through the vagina and to the uterus, only about 100 of them do, and only a single ovum is released from an ovary during ovulation.
Therefore, more sperm needs to be released to increase the chances of fertilization since only one egg is produced.

123
Q

describe the formation of the three germ layers

A

Within a few days of implantation, cells begin the process of gastrulation where the cells of the epiblast move to the primitive streak, where invagination occurs. Cells are sent into the region between the epiblast and the hypoblast.
The epiblast forms the ectoderm, the hypoblast forms of the endoderm, and the cells that proliferate between those 2 layers forms the mesoderm.

124
Q

describe the structure of a blastocyst

A

A solid ball of cells, the morula, enters the uterus and changes into a blastocyst, which is a hollow ball of cells with a cavity called the blastocoele.
There are cells outside, trophoblasts, and the cells inside form the inner cell mass.

125
Q

what is the function of each of the 4 extra embryonic membranes?

A

The yolk sac at first has a large role in providing the embryo nourishment but this later decreases when the amnion begins to form. The amnion provides protection by lining the amniotic cavity and envelops the embryo in amniotic fluid.
The allantois forms part of the urinary bladder and contributes to the body stalk which is the protective tissue between the embryo and the chorion.
The chorion encases the embryo and extend villi and blood vessels to eventually establish the structure and development of the placenta.

126
Q

how does a fetus obtain nutrients and gas from maternal blood?

A

A fetus obtains nutrients and gases from the maternal blood through the placenta.
The placenta is connected to the fetus via the body stalk, which combines with the yolk stalk to form the umbilical cord.
The umbilical cord has 2 arteries that transport deoxygenated blood to the placenta and a single vein that returns oxygenated blood to the embryo.

127
Q

from what structures for the 4 major tissue groups arise?

A

The ectoderm forms the nervous system, skin, hair, and nails, which contributes to the rise of nervous tissue and epithelial tissue.
The mesoderm forms the skeletal and muscular systems, which contributes to the rise of muscular tissue and most connective tissues. The endoderm forms the linings of the respiratory and digestive systems, where epithelial tissues can also arise from.

128
Q

what tissue type lines body cavities and covers the body’s external surfaces?

A

epithelial

129
Q

what tissue type pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, and allows one to swing a bat?

A

muscle

130
Q

what tissue type transmits electrical signals?

A

nervous

131
Q

what tissue type anchors, packages, and supports body organs?

A

connective

132
Q

what tissue type has cells that may absorb, secrete, and filter

A

epithelial

133
Q

what tissue type is most involved in regulating and controlling body functions?

A

nervous

134
Q

what tissue types major function is to contract?

A

muscle

135
Q

what major tissue type synthesizes hormones?

A

epithelial

136
Q

what tissue type includes nonliving extracellular matrix?

A

connective

137
Q

what tissue type is most widespread in the body?

A

connective

138
Q

what tissue type forms nerves and the brain?

A

nervous

139
Q

name 5 characteristics of epithelium

A
  • has specialized cell junctions
  • has a lot of cells and less matrix
  • has a basement membrane and layer of supportive connective tissue
  • is polarized (apical and basal regions)
  • not vascularized (no capillaries)
140
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified?

A

arrangement of layers and cell shape
- simple
- stratified
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
- pseudo stratified
- transitional

141
Q

compare a desmosome to a tight junction

A

desmosome
- connects cytoskeleton of 2 cells to resist tear

tight junction
- make sure no space between 2 cells somewhere between the basal and apical layers

142
Q

6 functions of epithelia?

A
  • protection
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • filtration
  • filtration
  • sensory
143
Q

how to identify the apical vs basal sides of epithelia?

A

apical
- lumen
- ciliated

basal
- basement membrane
- touches connective tissue

144
Q

how does the function of stratified epithelium differ from simple epithelium?

A

stratified
- 2+ layers
- aids in more protection

simple
- 1 layer
- aids more in diffusion, filtration, secretion, and absorption

145
Q

where is ciliated epithelium found?

A

lining small bronchi
uterine tubes
some region of the uterus
lining the trachea and most upper respiratory tract

146
Q

what role does ciliated epithelium play?

A

secretion of mucus and reproductive cells

147
Q

transitional epithelium is stratified squamous but slightly different. compare the structure of the 2

A

transitional
- surface cells are dome shaped

stratified squamous
- surface cells are flattened

148
Q

how does the structure of transitional epithelium support its function in the body?

A

being dome shaped and not flattened allows for it to stretch more readily and permit distension

149
Q

how do endocrine and exocrine glands differ?

A

endocrine
- lose surface connection as they develop
- secrete hormones directly into extracellular fluid
- hormones enter the blood or lymphatic vessels

exocrine
- do not lose surface connections as they develop
- secrete hormones through ducts to a body surface or cavity
- sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas

150
Q

what type of epithelial tissue lines the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous

151
Q

what type of epithelial tissue lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar

152
Q

what type of epithelial tissue is in the alveolar sacs of the lungs?

A

simple squamous

153
Q

what type of epithelial tissue lines the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

154
Q

what type of epithelial tissue is the epidermis of the skin?

A

stratified squamous

155
Q

what type of epithelial tissue lines the bladder and peculiar cells have the ability to slide over each other

A

transitional

156
Q

describe transitional epithelial

A
  • basal cells cuboidal or columnar, surface cells dome shaped (squamous like)
  • stretch
  • lines bladder, ureters, and urethra
157
Q

describe stratified columnar epithelial

A
  • several cell layers where basal cells are usually cuboidal
  • protection and secretion
  • rare in the human body
158
Q

describe stratified cuboidal epithelial

A
  • 2 layers of cube like cells
  • protection
  • largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
159
Q

describe stratified squamous epithelial

A
  • several cell layers
  • protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
  • nonkeratinized types form moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized types form epidermis of skin
160
Q

describe pseudo stratified columnar epithelial

A
  • single layer of cells differing in heights and nuclei at different levels, have cilia
  • secretion primarily of mucus
  • ciliated type lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract, conciliated in sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
161
Q

describe simple columnar epithelial

A
  • single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei and microvilli
  • absorption, secretion
  • conciliated type in digestive tract, gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands, conciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus
162
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelial

A
  • single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical nuclei
  • secretion and absorption
  • kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
163
Q

describe simple squamous epithelial

A
  • single layer of flattened cells with a disc shaped nucleus and sparse cytoplasm
  • diffusion and filtration, secretes in serosae
  • kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
164
Q

3 characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  • derived from embryonic tissue
  • have rich blood supply
  • has a non/cellular/nonliving matrix
165
Q

4 functions of connective tissue?

A
  • form basis of skeleton
  • store and carry nutrients
  • surround blood vessels and nerves
  • lead fight against infection
166
Q

how is the structure of connective tissue related to its function?

A

the cell arrangement and large amount of nonliving matrix allows for the fibers to be distinguished and have strength for support

167
Q

which connective issue attaches bones to bones and muscles to bones?

A

dense regular connective tissue

168
Q

which connective tissue acts as a storage depot for fat?

A

adipose connective tissue

169
Q

which connective tissue forms the fibrous joint capsule?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

170
Q

which connective tissue makes up the intervertebral discs?

A

fibrocartilage

171
Q

which connective tissue composes the basement membrane; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix

A

areolar connective tissue

172
Q

which connective tissue forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton?

A

hyaline cartilage

173
Q

which connective tissue provides a flexible framework for the external ear?

A

elastic cartilage

174
Q

which connective tissue has a matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on?

A

osseous tissue

175
Q

which connective tissue forms the walls of large arteries?

A

elastic connective tissue

176
Q

what 2 physiological characteristics are highly developed in neurons?

A
  • receiving stimuli (excitability)
  • generate electrical signals (conductivity)
177
Q

how are neurons similar to other cells?

A

they have a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm

178
Q

how are neurons different from other cells?

A

they are the only cells with axons, axon terminals, myelin, and dendrites

179
Q

skeletal muscle has
_______ appearance
is attached to ___________
has ______ movement
has ______ cells
has _______ nuclei

A

striated
bones
voluntary
cylindrical
many

180
Q

cardiac muscle
forms _____
has a ______ appearance
has ______ cells
has _____ nuclei
(does/does not) have intercalated discs
has ______ movement

A

heart wall
striated
branching
one
does
involuntary

181
Q

smooth muscle
is in the wall of _____ and ______
has _____ nuclei
has ______ cells
has _____ movement

A

bladder and stomach
one
spindle shaped
involuntary

182
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

adipose
- nuclei of fat cell
- vacuole containing fat droplet

183
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

skeletal
- nuclei
- skeletal muscle fiber

184
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

smooth
- nuclei
- smooth muscle cell

185
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

hyaline cartilage
- matrix
- chondrocyte
- lacunae

186
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

cardiac
- intercalated discs
- nucleus

187
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
- cilia
- basement membrane
- connective tissue

188
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

bone (osseous)
- osteocytes in lacunae
- central canal

189
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

transitional epithelium
- basement membrane
- connective tissue

190
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

areolar
- elastic fibers
- collagen fibers
- fibroblast nuclei

191
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

dense regular connective
- nuclei of fibroblast
- collagen fibers

192
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

stratified squamous
- stratified squamous epithelial nuclei
- basement membrane

193
Q

identify the tissue + the labeled portions

A

simple columnar
- connective tissue
- simple columnar epithelial cell
- basement membrane

194
Q

4 classes of connective tissue (with subcategories)

A

proper
- loose
- dense

cartilage
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibro

bone
blood

195
Q

2 subclasses of connective tissue proper

A

loose
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular

dense
- irregular
- regular
- elastic

196
Q

describe areolar loose connective tissue

A
  • gel like matrix with all 3 fiber types
  • wraps/cushions organs, macrophage activity, inflammation, hold/convey tissue fluid
  • under epithelia, forms lamina propria of mucus membranes, package organs, surrounds capillaries
197
Q

describe reticular connective tissue

A

loose network of reticular fibers in a gel like substance
- form soft internal skeleton (stroma)
- lymphoid organs

198
Q

describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

irregularly arranged collagen fibers
- withstands tension, provide structural strength
- fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis, submucosa of digestive tract

199
Q

describe dense regular connective tissue

A

primarily parallel collagen fibers
- attaches muscle to bone or to muscle and bone to bone , withstands tension when a pulling force is applied
- tendons, most ligaments

200
Q

describe elastic connective tissue

A

dense regular containing high proportion of elastic fibers
- allows tissues to recoil after stretch, maintains flow of blood through arteries, aids recoil of lungs after inspiration
- walls of arteries, ligaments in vertebral column

201
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers for the network
- supports and reinforces, cushion, resist compressive stress
- forms most of embryonic skeleton, cover end of long bones in joint cavities, form costal cartilage of ribs, cartilage of nose, trachea, larynx

202
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

amorphous but firm matrix; extensive elastic fibers in matrix
- maintain shape and structure and allow flexibility
- supports external ear; epiglottis

203
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

matrix less firm; thick collagen fibers predominate
- tensile strength allows to absorb compressive shock
- intervertebral dice; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

204
Q

3 types of membranes

A

cutaneous (skin)
- covers body surface

mucous (mucosae)
- lines body cavities open to exterior

serous
- line body cavities closed to exterior

205
Q

implantation takes how long?

A

1 week

206
Q

cuboidal is in _____
columnar in _____
stratified in ______
simple in _____

A

ducts
gut
protection
tubes (need to pass quickly)

207
Q

what body system eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body?

A

urinary

208
Q

dorsum refers to the _____

A

back

209
Q

term for femoral region:

A

thigh

210
Q

“away from the midline”

A

lateral

211
Q

“on same side of the body”

A

ipsilateral

212
Q

what body system forms the external body covering?

A

integumentary

213
Q

cervical region is _____ to cephalic region

A

superior

214
Q

coxal region is ______ to inguinal region

A

lateral

215
Q

popliteal region is _____ to femoral region

A

distal

216
Q

spinal cord is located in the _____ cavity

A

vertebral

217
Q

liver is in the ______ quadrant

A

upper right

218
Q

the cavity formed by extension of the epiblast layer:

A

amniotic sac

219
Q

notochord gives rise to natural shock absorber of he axial skeleton:

A

portion of interverbral disc

220
Q

when sperm fertilizes an oocyte a ____ forms

A

zygote

221
Q

ribs and vertebrae a each spinal level arise from _____

A

sclerotome

222
Q

on a lateral plate, the wedge between the mesoderm is the _____

A

coelom

223
Q

cells of a dermatome make the:

A

dermis of the skin

224
Q

what is formed by the mesoderm epiblast cells and endodermal cells

A

notochord

225
Q

epithelial cells are held together by a scattered, adhesive junction called _____ which serves as “spot welds”

A

desmosomes

226
Q

the epithelial cell type found lining most of the digestive tract:

A

simple columnar

227
Q

the epithelial cell type that lines the interior of ducts of sweat glands

A

stratified cuboidal

228
Q

the embryonic origin common to all connective tissue

A

mesenchyme

229
Q

type of connective tissue cell synthesizes extracellular matrix components of loose and dense connective tissue

A

fibroblasts

230
Q

main characteristic of dense regular connective tissue found mainly in ligaments and tendons

A

fibers (collagen) run parallel

231
Q

well-vascularized and well-organized connective tissue that contains inorganic material

A

bone

232
Q

connective tissue that forms embryonic Skelton, covers ends of long bones, and attaches ribs to sternum

A

hyaline cartilage

233
Q

connective tissue that is most atypical

A

blood

Biology 367: Anatomy (10 decks)

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